Estuarine, intertidal, artificial, open, eulittoral

Artificial surfaces on the shoreline are common near most areas of human activity, as docks, breakwaters, seawalls, and other constructed habitats. Most such structures are in wave-protected areas, although the outsides of some breakwaters fall into an 'open' category. Biological communities on these surfaces are likely to be a subset of those on nearby rocky shores, although the presence of creosote or other anti-fouling chemicals may greatly restrict abundance and diversity of species that can survive there.