Hieracium albiflorum

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Distribution

More info for the term: forb

White hawkweed is a native perennial forb occurring throughout western North America. Populations are found from southeastern Alaska to Saskatchewan and south to California, Colorado, and northern Mexico [20,21,50,51,62,99]. Disjunct populations occur in Wisconsin and Quebec [34,96]. Flora of North America provides a distributional map of white hawkweed.

References:

50. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2nd ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
20. Cronquist, Arthur. 1955. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest: Part 5: Compositae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 343 p. [716]
21. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5: Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
62. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
51. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
99. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
34. Flora of North America Association. 2007. Flora of North America: The flora, [Online]. Flora of North America Association (Producer). Available: http://www.fna.org/FNA. [36990]
96. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2007. PLANTS Database, [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

States or Provinces

(key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATES AK CA CO ID MT NV OR SD UT WA WI WY
CANADA AB BC NT PQ SK YK
MEXICO Chih. Son.

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Regional Distribution in the Western United States

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [14]:

1 Northern Pacific Border

2 Cascade Mountains

3 Southern Pacific Border

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

7 Lower Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

References:

14. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

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Missouri Botanical Garden

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Hieracium albiflorum Hook.:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Source:

License:

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Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Source:

NatureServe

License:

Missouri Botanical Garden

Rights Holder:

NatureServe

Morphology

Description

Plants 15–40(–90) cm. Stems proximally usually piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–6+ mm), rarely glabrous, distally glabrous. Leaves: basal (0–)3–8+, cauline 1–5(–12+); blades oblanceolate, 40–100(–300) × 12–30(–60+) mm, lengths 3–5+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, sometimes sinuately toothed, apices obtuse to acute, faces piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–6 mm), rarely glabrous. Heads (3–)12–50+ in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Peduncles usually glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Calyculi: bractlets 5–12+. Involucres ± campanulate, (7–)8–10(–11) mm. Phyllaries 8–13+, apices acuminate, abaxial faces piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–2+ mm), stellate-pubescent, and stipitate-glandular. Florets (6–)12–25+; corollas yellow, 9–10 mm. Cypselae columnar, 2.5–4 mm; pappi of 30–40+, stramineous bristles in ± 2 series, (4–)5–7 mm.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Description

More info for the terms: achene, caudex, forb, pappus

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available [15,20,21,27,39,50,51,52,55,99,100].

White hawkweed is a native, deciduous, perennial forb. Its erect stems (1 to several) arise from a fibrous rooted caudex that is immediately under the mineral soil surface. The stems are 0.5 to 4 feet (1.5-12 dm) tall. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves are persistent. The inflorescence is composed of 12 to 35 small flower heads in open cymes or panicles. The flower heads are made up of ray flowers. The fruit is a small, hard, one-seeded achene with a pappus [15,21,45,51,62,71,74,76,78,99].

References:

50. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2nd ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
20. Cronquist, Arthur. 1955. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest: Part 5: Compositae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 343 p. [716]
21. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5: Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
27. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
62. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
76. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
39. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; Vernal, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
45. Halverson, Nancy M., comp. 1986. Major indicator shrubs and herbs on national forests of western Oregon and southwestern Washington. R6-TM-229. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 180 p. [3233]
51. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
52. Hultén, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
71. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
74. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
78. Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Publishing. 526 p. [25159]
99. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
100. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
15. Booth, W. E.; Wright, J. C. 1962. [Revised]. Flora of Montana: Part II--Dicotyledons. Bozeman, MT: Montana State College, Department of Botany and Bacteriology. 280 p. [47286]
55. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

Missouri Botanical Garden

Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Chlorocrepis albiflora (Hooker) W. A. Weber

Source:

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Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Habitat

Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the term: association

White hawkweed is a component in giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves in California [64,84].

White hawkweed is a dominant species in the western hemlock/salal (Tsuga heterophylla/Gaultheria
shallon)/white hawkweed plant association in the southern Oregon Cascades [9].

References:

9. Atzet, Thomas; McCrimmon, Lisa A. 1990. Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain province. Grants Pass, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest. 330 p. [12977]
64. Lawrence, George; Biswell, Harold. 1972. Effect of forest manipulation on deer habitat in giant sequoia. Journal of Wildlife Management. 36(2): 595-605. [41671]
84. Rundel, Philip W. 1971. Community structure and stability in the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California. The American Midland Naturalist. 85(2): 478-492. [10504]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the term: cover

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [85]:

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

202 Coast live oak woodland

ALASKAN RANGELANDS

None

References:

85. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]

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Habitat: Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [32]:

205 Mountain hemlock

206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

207 Red fir

208 Whitebark pine

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

215 Western white pine

218 Lodgepole pine

224 Western hemlock

227 Western redcedar-western hemlock

228 Western redcedar

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

233 Oregon white oak

234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone

237 Interior ponderosa pine

243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer

244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir

245 Pacific ponderosa pine

246 California black oak

247 Jeffrey pine

249 Canyon live oak

255 California coast live oak

References:

32. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

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Habitat: Plant Associations

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: shrub

KUCHLER [61] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K004 Fir-hemlock forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K007 Red fir forest

K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K016 Eastern ponderosa forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K026 Oregon oakwoods

K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026

K029 California mixed evergreen forest

K030 California oakwoods

References:

61. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

Source:

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Habitat: Ecosystem

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [36]:

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES22 Western white pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce

FRES25 Larch

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES27 Redwood

FRES28 Western hardwoods

References:

36. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; Lewis, Mont E.; Smith, Dixie R. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Habitat characteristics

White hawkweed is a common montane species [101]. In British Columbia, white hawkweed occurs on exposed mineral soils and soils with moderately dry to "fresh" (need for water exceeds supply) moisture regimes within boreal, cool temperate, and mesothermal climates. It predominantly inhabits temporarily or regularly disturbed areas [59]. On the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington, white hawkweed is an indicator of warm, dry sites [94].

Site descriptions for white hawkweed State, Region, or Province Site characteristics California dry forests; 0 to 9,500 feet (0-2,900 m) [51] and
dry, open wooded slopes below 9,700 feet (3,000 m) [74] Colorado 7,000 to 10,500 feet (2,100-3,200 m) [50] Montana dry, open habitats from foothills to openings in subalpine forests [62] Nevada 5,800 to 8,500 feet (1,800-2,600 m) [55] Utah 6,500 to 11,000 feet (2,000-3,400 m) [99] Wyoming woods and slopes [27] Black Hills, South Dakota woods and slopes [26] Intermountain West open woods and open hillsides; 6,500 to 11,000 feet (2,000-3,400 m) [21] Mt Rainier National Park, Washington open slopes; 2,000 to 6,500 feet (610-2,000 m) [87] Uinta Basin, Utah 8,200 to 11,000 feet (2,500-3,400 m) [39] Yukon along dirt mining exploration road on mountain slope [17]

References:

50. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2nd ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
21. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5: Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
26. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Flora of the Black Hills. Cheyenne, WY: Robert D. Dorn and Jane L. Dorn. 377 p. [820]
27. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
62. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
17. Cody, William J.; Kennedy, Catherine E.; Bennett, Bruce; Staniforth, Jennifer. 2003. New records of vascular plants in the Yukon Territory V. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 117(2): 278-301. [64765]
39. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; Vernal, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
51. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
59. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
74. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
87. St. John, Harold; Warren, Fred A. 1937. The plants of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. The American Midland Naturalist. 18(6): 952-985. [62707]
94. Topik, Christopher; Halverson, Nancy M.; Brockway, Dale G. 1986. Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone: Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-ECOL-230A. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 132 p. [2351]
99. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
101. Wood, David M.; del Moral, Roger. 2000. Seed rain during early primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Madrono. 47(1): 1-9. [37014]
55. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

Source:

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

General Ecology

Fire Management Considerations

More info for the term: severity

Literature to date, 2007, provides no clear direction for the use of fire in managing white hawkweed. As detailed above, it is possible for white hawkweed to survive low to moderate severity fires, but it is generally a poor survivor. It can rapidly colonize exposed mineral soils on burned sites via windborne seeds. Fire has both positive and negative impacts on populations of white hawkweed. The use of fire as a management tool need not be ruled out in the process of managing the habitats in which white hawkweed occurs.

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Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity fires in northern Idaho
ponderosa pine forests

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: cover, fire use, frequency, prescribed fire, resistance

White hawkweed's low resistance to fire causes an initial decrease in abundance. Kilgore [58] reveals
that frequency of white hawkweed decreased 1 and 2 years after prescribed burning in red fir (Abies
magnifica) forests of the Sierra Nevada. In giant sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the Sierra
Nevada, California, a decrease in white hawkweed occurred immediately following logging, piling, and
burning [57], though the effects of burning could not be separated from the effects of soil disturbance
caused by logging and piling. Similarly, shelterwood cutting and underburning on Douglas-fir, grand fir,
and western redcedar habitat types within the Priest River Experimental Forest and the Payette National
Forest in Idaho decreased the cover of white hawkweed, although probably not significantly (see table
below). After the shelterwood treatment a "moist fuels underburn" and a "dry fuels
underburn" were prescribed. The dry fuels burn reduced cover of white hawkweed more than
the moist fuels burn. On the unburned control white hawkweed increased slightly after the shelterwood
treatment [86].

Percent cover of white hawkweed before and
after shelterwood treatment and subsequent underburning [86] No burnMoist burn (June)Dry burn (September)Pretreatment1.61.51.6Posttreatment
(1 year after burning)1.81.30.5
White hawkweed readily establishes on soils exposed by fire on sites where it did not previously
occur. White hawkweed was among pioneer species in a whitebark pine community in the Bob Marshall
Wilderness, Montana after a stand-replacing, lightning caused fire; and after the lightning caused,
high-severity Sundance fire in northern Idaho's western redcedar-western hemlock forest type [8,88].
After studying Douglas-fir forests in western Washington, Kienholz [56] reported that white hawkweed
was not found in undisturbed forest but was abundant on mineral soil exposed by disturbance or severe
fire. White hawkweed did not occur on study sites before (1962) clearcut logging and burning
treatments and was not present on sites after logging but before burning (1963) in old-growth Douglas-fir
forests in the western Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Percent cover and frequency were recorded during each
of the 5 growing seasons following clearcut logging and broadcast slash burning, as shown in the table
below. By the fifth growing season, white hawkweed was reported as an important species [29].
Progression of white hawkweed abundance during
the first 5 growing seasons following clearcut logging and broadcast slash
burning in Douglas-fir forests in the Cascade Mountains [29]Years after burning12345Percent cover<0.050.40.62.03.6Percent frequency0.94.411.316.025.7

Similar findings were reported from British Columbia's Sub-boreal Spruce and Engelmann
spruce-subalpine fir zones. White hawkweed was not recorded on pre-logged sites; it appeared in
early seral communities following clearcut logging and subsequent slash burning [46,47,48,49].
Spring and fall burning were executed on one study site; white hawkweed cover and frequency were
significantly (P<0.02) higher in spring versus fall burn plots [49].
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b)
provide further information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of many plant species
including white hawkweed.The following Research Project Summary also provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of many
plant species, including white hawkweed:

References:

8. Ash, Maria; Lasko, Richard J. 1990. Postfire vegetative response in a whitebark pine community, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., comps. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 360-361. [11705]
29. Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon. Ecology. 54(1): 57-69. [7345]
46. Hamilton, E. H.; Peterson, L. D. 2006. Succession after slashburning in an Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir subzone variant: West Twin site. Tech. Rep. No. 028. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests and range, Forest Science Program. 21 p. [64622]
47. Hamilton, E. 2006. Vegetation development and fire effects at the Walker Creek site: comparison of forest floor and mineral soil plots. Tech. Rep. No. 026. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Forest Science Program. 28 p. [64621]
49. Hamilton, Evelyn; Peterson, Les. 2003. Response of vegetation to burning in a subalpine forest cutblock in central British Columbia: Otter Creek site. Research Report 23. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forest Science Program. 60 p. [46111]
56. Kienholz, Raymond. 1929. Revegetation after logging and burning in the Douglas-fir region of western Washington. Illinois State Academy of Science. 21: 94-108. [8764]
57. Kilgore, Bruce M. 1971. Response of breeding bird populations to habitat changes in a giant sequoia forest. The American Midland Naturalist. 85(1): 135-152. [7281]
58. Kilgore, Bruce M. 1971. The role of fire in managing red fir forests. In: Transactions, 36th North American wildlife and natural resources conference; 1971 March 7-10; Portland, OR. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 405-416. [6474]
86. Simmerman, Dennis G.; Arno, Stephen F.; Harrington, Michael G.; Graham, Russell T. 1991. A comparison of dry and moist fuel underburns in ponderosa pine shelterwood units in Idaho. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Potts, Donald F., eds. Proceedings, 11th annual conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1991 April 16-19; Missoula, MT. SAF Publication 91-04. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 387-397. [16186]
88. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
48. Hamilton, Evelyn H. 2006. Fire effects and post-burn vegetation development in the sub-boreal spruce zone: Mackenzie (Windy Point) Site, [Online]. Technical Report 033. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests and Range Forest Science Program. 19 p. Available: http://www.for.gov.bc.cca/hfd/pubs/DOcs/Tr/Tr033.pdf [2006, October 12]. [64177]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: cover, frequency

White hawkweed initially decreases after passage of fire. Powell [79] categorizes its response to fire as "medium" in that it will likely regain pre-burn frequency or cover in 5 to 10 years. White hawkweed is an offsite colonizer [8,88,90] and establishes "rapidly" on burned plots via windborne seeds [28,42,71]. Its windborne seed allows it to establish in burned or disturbed areas where it did not previously occur.

References:

8. Ash, Maria; Lasko, Richard J. 1990. Postfire vegetative response in a whitebark pine community, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., comps. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 360-361. [11705]
28. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; Barmore, William J., Jr.; Benedict, James M. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
42. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology. 70(3): 704-720. [6829]
71. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
79. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]
88. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
90. Stickney, Peter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 2000. Data base for early postfire succession in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-61-CD, [CD-ROM]. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Producer). Available: Rocky Mountain Research Station. [43743]

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License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire

More info for the terms: resistance, root crown, severity, wildfire

White hawkweed's fibrous roots and root crown are immediately under the soil surface and susceptible to heat damage from fire [28,42,71]. Powell [79] classified white hawkweed as having "low resistance to fire", which is defined as having less than 35% chance that 50% of the species population will survive or immediately reestablish after passage of a fire with an average flame length of 12 inches (30 cm).

Effects of fire on white hawkweed differed between moderate and high severity sites after wildfire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The Waterfalls Canyon fire was a mixed-severity summer wildfire in forest dominated by subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and lodgepole pine. White hawkweed persisted on moderately burned (more than 40% of canopy trees alive 1 year after fire) sites but was not present on severely burned (all trees killed and the aboveground portions of understory species consumed) sites until postfire year 3, where it increased in subsequent years [28]

References:

28. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; Barmore, William J., Jr.; Benedict, James M. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
42. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology. 70(3): 704-720. [6829]
71. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
79. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Immediate Effect of Fire

More info for the term: severity

White hawkweed is likely top-killed by fire. Individual plants may survive low to moderate severity fire [11,28].

References:

11. Barmore, William J., Jr.; Taylor, Dale; Hayden, Peter. 1976. Ecological effects and biotic succession following the 1974 Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park. Research Progress Report 1974-1975. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 99 p. [16109]
28. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; Barmore, William J., Jr.; Benedict, James M. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Post-fire Regeneration

More info for the terms: ground residual colonizer, secondary colonizer

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [89]:
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)

References:

89. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Fire Ecology

More info for the terms: caudex, fire exclusion, severity

Fire adaptations: Postfire regeneration of white hawkweed occurs mostly from seed. As an offsite colonizer [8,88,90], white hawkweed establishes "rapidly" on mineral soils exposed by fire because of the many wind-borne seeds it produces [28,42,71]. It is also known to establish from the soil seed bank after logging and burning [49]. Vegetation sampling following the Waterfalls Canyon fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, suggests that white hawkweed survived moderate and low severity fire [11,28], possibly by sprouting from the caudex after aboveground parts were killed.

FIRE REGIMES: Communities where white hawkweed most frequently occurs are characterized by a variety FIRE REGIMES. Fire exclusion may create longer fire-return intervals in some of these communities, sometimes resulting in subsequent larger and higher-severity fires [4].

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where white hawkweed is important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant species listed below.

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [4] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-350 [5,13,23] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 [4] whitebark pine* Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [1,3] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* P. contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [12,13,92] Sierra lodgepole pine* P. contorta var. murrayana 35-200 Jeffrey pine P. jeffreyi 5-30 western white pine* P. monticola 50-200 Pacific ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [4] interior ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [4,10,63] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [4,6,7] coastal Douglas-fir* P. menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [4,72,82] Pacific coast mixed evergreen P. menziesii var. menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflorus-Arbutus menziesii <35-130 [4,16] California oakwoods Quercus spp. <35 [4] coast live oak Q. agrifolia 2-75 [40] canyon live oak Q. chrysolepis <35 to 200 Oregon white oak Q. garryana <35 [4] California black oak Q. kelloggii 5-30 [77] redwood Sequoia sempervirens 5-200 [4,33,91] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla >200 mountain hemlock* Tsuga mertensiana 35 to >200 [4] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review

References:

4. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
10. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
6. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
1. Agee, James K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment). [23656]
3. Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. Res. Pap. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. [15225]
5. Arno, Stephen F.; Fischer, William C. 1995. Larix occidentalis--fire ecology and fire management. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., comps. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 130-135. [25293]
7. Arno, Stephen F.; Scott, Joe H.; Hartwell, Michael G. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Res. Pap. INT-RP-481. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 25 p. [25928]
8. Ash, Maria; Lasko, Richard J. 1990. Postfire vegetative response in a whitebark pine community, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., comps. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 360-361. [11705]
11. Barmore, William J., Jr.; Taylor, Dale; Hayden, Peter. 1976. Ecological effects and biotic succession following the 1974 Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park. Research Progress Report 1974-1975. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 99 p. [16109]
16. Chappell, Christopher B.; Giglio, David F. 1999. Pacific madrone forests of the Puget Trough, Washington. In: Adams, A. B.; Hamilton, Clement W., eds. The decline of the Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh): Current theory and research directions: Proceedings of the symposium; 1995 April 28; Seattle, WA. Seattle, WA: Save Magnolia's Madrones, Center for Urban Horticulture, Ecosystems Database Development and Research: 2-11. [40472]
23. Davis, Kathleen M. 1980. Fire history of a western larch/Douglas-fir forest type in northwestern Montana. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 69-74. [12813]
28. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; Barmore, William J., Jr.; Benedict, James M. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
33. Finney, Mark A.; Martin, Robert E. 1989. Fire history in a Sequoia sempervirens forest at Salt Point State Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1451-1457. [9845]
42. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology. 70(3): 704-720. [6829]
49. Hamilton, Evelyn; Peterson, Les. 2003. Response of vegetation to burning in a subalpine forest cutblock in central British Columbia: Otter Creek site. Research Report 23. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forest Science Program. 60 p. [46111]
63. Laven, R. D.; Omi, P. N.; Wyant, J. G.; Pinkerton, A. S. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 46-49. [7183]
71. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
72. Morrison, Peter H.; Swanson, Frederick J. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 77 p. [13074]
77. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Haase, Sally M.; Harrington, Michael G.; Narog, Marcia G.; Sackett, Stephen S.; Wilson, Ruth C. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]
82. Ripple, William J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 92(11): 45-49. [33881]
88. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
91. Stuart, John D. 1987. Fire history of an old-growth forest of Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae) forest in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California. Madrono. 34(2): 128-141. [7277]
92. Tande, Gerald F. 1979. Fire history and vegetation pattern of coniferous forests in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1912-1931. [18676]
12. Barrett, Stephen W. 1993. FIRE REGIMES on the Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests north-central Idaho. Final Report: Order No. 43-0276-3-0112. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41883]
13. Barrett, Stephen W.; Arno, Stephen F.; Key, Carl H. 1991. FIRE REGIMES of western larch - lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 1711-1720. [17290]
40. Greenlee, Jason M.; Langenheim, Jean H. 1990. Historic FIRE REGIMES and their relation to vegetation patterns in the Monterey Bay area of California. The American Midland Naturalist. 124(2): 239-253. [15144]
90. Stickney, Peter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 2000. Data base for early postfire succession in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-61-CD, [CD-ROM]. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Producer). Available: Rocky Mountain Research Station. [43743]

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Successional Status

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the terms: cover, eruption, frequency, succession, tree

White hawkweed is not shade-tolerant but is capable of surviving under some canopy cover. It is characteristic of disturbed areas [25,59] where percent cover increases during early successional stages and continues to increase (2 to 4 years) until eventually white hawkweed cover declines [42,43,65,68,70]. In British Columbia white hawkweed is characteristic of disturbed sites, commonly inhabits exposed mineral soil in early-seral communities, and is common in open-canopy forests [59]. White hawkweed is more abundant in open areas of mixed conifer and white fir (Abies concolor) types of the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon [31]. In northern Idaho white hawkweed can occur in 0% to 100% tree canopy cover, but it is more frequently found in areas with 0% to 55% canopy cover [73].

White hawkweed has low cover values during early succession and increases 2 to 4 years after disturbance [8,29,53,86,88,90]. In the northern Rocky Mountains, white hawkweed is a secondary offsite colonizer that usually establishes the first postfire year [88,90]. As a wind-dispersed species, it was a pioneer and colonized widely on barren lahars and pumice sites within 2 to 3 growing seasons after the eruption of Mount St Helens in 1980 [24,44,93,101]. White hawkweed was also recorded on refugia and isolated pumice sites 18 years after the eruption. The pumice plots furthest from the refugia had the least cover of white hawkweed, suggesting that the wind-dispersed seeds of white hawkweed from refugia plants were responsible for colonizing the barren pumice sites [35]. White hawkweed was a pioneer on Douglas-fir and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) environments following the 1988 Yellowstone fires, most likely from wind-dispersed seed, but possibly from the soil seed bank [2].

Increase of white hawkweed in the first 8 years following logging in Douglas-fir forests of western Washington and Oregon [53] 1926 1928 1930 1933 Percent cover 0.5 0.4 2.4 1.5 Frequency of occurrence 36 36 72 79

References:

2. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
8. Ash, Maria; Lasko, Richard J. 1990. Postfire vegetative response in a whitebark pine community, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., comps. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 360-361. [11705]
24. del Moral, Roger. 1998. Early succession on lahars spawned by Mount St. Helens. American Journal of Botany. 85(6): 820-828. [62899]
25. del Moral, Roger; Wood, David M. 1993. Early primary succession on a barren volcanic plain at Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Journal of Botany. 80(9): 981-991. [62894]
29. Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon. Ecology. 54(1): 57-69. [7345]
31. Emmingham, W. H. 1972. Conifer growth and plant distribution under different light environments in the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 50 p. Thesis. [9651]
35. Fuller, R. N.; del Moral, R. 2003. The role of refugia and dispersal in primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science. 14(5): 637-644. [50307]
42. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology. 70(3): 704-720. [6829]
43. Halpern, Charles B.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1990. Physiognomic development of Pseudotsuga forests in relation to initial structure and disturbance intensity. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1(4): 475-482. [13288]
44. Halpern, Charles B.; Frenzen, Peter M.; Means, Joseph E.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1990. Plant succession in areas of scorched and blown-down forest after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1: 181-194. [13191]
53. Isaac, Leo A. 1940. Vegetative succession following logging in the Douglas-fir region with special reference to fire. Journal of Forestry. 38: 716-721. [4964]
59. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
65. Lindh, Briana C. 2005. Effects of conifer basal area on understory herb presence, abundance, and flowering in a second-growth Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 35: 938-948. [54779]
68. Marcum, Les. 1971. Vegetal development on montane fir clearcuts in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 122 p. Thesis. [36494]
70. McKenzie, Donald; Halpern, Charles B.; Nelson, Cara R. 2000. Overstory influences on herb and shrub communities in mature forests of western Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 30(10): 1655-1666. [38059]
73. Mueggler, Walter F. 1965. Ecology of seral shrub communities in the cedar-hemlock zone of northern Idaho. Ecological Monographs. 35: 165-185. [4016]
86. Simmerman, Dennis G.; Arno, Stephen F.; Harrington, Michael G.; Graham, Russell T. 1991. A comparison of dry and moist fuel underburns in ponderosa pine shelterwood units in Idaho. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Potts, Donald F., eds. Proceedings, 11th annual conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1991 April 16-19; Missoula, MT. SAF Publication 91-04. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 387-397. [16186]
88. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
93. Titus, Jonathan H.; Moore, Scott; Arnot, Mildred; Titus, Priscilla J. 1998. Inventory of the vascular flora of the blast zone, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Madrono. 45(2): 146-161. [30322]
101. Wood, David M.; del Moral, Roger. 2000. Seed rain during early primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Madrono. 47(1): 1-9. [37014]
90. Stickney, Peter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 2000. Data base for early postfire succession in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-61-CD, [CD-ROM]. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Producer). Available: Rocky Mountain Research Station. [43743]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Regeneration Processes

More info for the terms: density, top-kill

White hawkweed's principal means of reproduction is through recruitment of windborne seed [42,71]. It readily establishes from seed in burned or disturbed areas [71,79].

Pollination: Access to nectaries and/or pollen of white hawkweed flowers is structurally restricted [75].

Breeding system: White hawkweed is self-fertile [21].

Seed production: White hawkweed produces "many" seeds [28,42,71].

Seed dispersal: White hawkweed seed is wind-dispersed. The light-weight, plumed achenes can be dispersed long distances [35,42].

Seed banking: Some evidence suggests that white hawkweed occurs in the soil seed bank in some plant communities; however, information is lacking on the density and longevity of white hawkweed seeds in soil. Hamilton and Peterson [49] report that white hawkweed was stimulated to germinate from buried seed following logging and burning in British Columbia's sub-boreal spruce zone. A soil seed bank study was conducted on Douglas-fir (Pseudostuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis) habitats in central Idaho. Soil samples were exhumed from 0 to 2 inches (0-5 cm) and 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) and subsequently underwent greenhouse germination tests. Only 1 viable white hawkweed seed germinated from the 0- to 2-inch (0-5 cm) layer, and none from the 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) layer successfully germinated [60]. In field and/or greenhouse germination studies, white hawkweed emerged from soil samples taken from forest and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia's coastal western hemlock zone. White hawkweed was observed among vegetation of the plots that the samples were taken from [69].

Germination: Information on germination requirements for white hawkweed is limited. White hawkweed seed collected from Yellowstone National Park underwent greenhouse germination studies. Seed was planted 1 month after seed was collected to mimic fall germination while other seed was planted after 2.5 months of cold storage to mimic spring germination. Total percent germination for fall conditions was 47.3% and total percent germination for spring conditions was 26.3%. In this study, cold storage reduced germination [83].

Seedling establishment/growth: White hawkweed readily establishes in burned or disturbed areas [71,79]. Occurrence on recently exposed mineral soil and open habitats suggests that it establishes well on exposed mineral soil and high light areas.

Vegetative regeneration: According to McLean [71] and Powell [79], white hawkweed lacks rhizomes or other means of vegetative reproduction. Conversely, Patterson and others [76] state that white hawkweed arises from a "short rhizome", and Halpern [42] reports a shallow "caudex-like rhizome". There is no additional evidence presented in the literature reviewed that white hawkweed regenerates vegetatively from rhizomes; however, some evidence suggests that it may sprout following top-kill [11,28].

References:

21. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5: Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
76. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
11. Barmore, William J., Jr.; Taylor, Dale; Hayden, Peter. 1976. Ecological effects and biotic succession following the 1974 Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park. Research Progress Report 1974-1975. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 99 p. [16109]
28. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; Barmore, William J., Jr.; Benedict, James M. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
35. Fuller, R. N.; del Moral, R. 2003. The role of refugia and dispersal in primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science. 14(5): 637-644. [50307]
42. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology. 70(3): 704-720. [6829]
49. Hamilton, Evelyn; Peterson, Les. 2003. Response of vegetation to burning in a subalpine forest cutblock in central British Columbia: Otter Creek site. Research Report 23. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forest Science Program. 60 p. [46111]
60. Kramer, Neal B.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1987. Mature forest seed banks of three habitat types in central Idaho. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 1961-1966. [3961]
69. McGee, Ann; Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1574-1583. [25756]
71. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
75. Ostler, W. Kent; Harper, K. T. 1978. Floral ecology in relation to plant species diversity in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and Idaho. Ecology. 59(4): 848-861. [62227]
79. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]
83. Romme, William H.; Bohland, Laura; Persichetty, Cynthia; Caruso, Tanya. 1995. Germination ecology of some common forest herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research. 27(4): 407-412. [26049]

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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

RAUNKIAER [81] LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte

References:

81. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Life Form

More info for the term: forb

Forb

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Cyclicity

Phenology

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Flowering dates for white hawkweed State or Region Anthesis Period California June to August [74] Idaho June to August [76] Montana June to early September [62] Nevada June to August [55] Oregon June to August [95] Baja California June to August [100] Intermountain West June to August [21] Pacific Northwest June to August [20] Uinta Basin, Utah mid-July to early September [39]

References:

20. Cronquist, Arthur. 1955. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest: Part 5: Compositae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 343 p. [716]
21. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5: Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
62. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
76. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
39. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; Vernal, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
74. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
95. Topik, Christopher; Hemstrom, Miles A., comps. 1982. Guide to common forest-zone plants: Willamette, Mt. Hood, and Siuslaw National Forests. R6-Ecol 101-1982. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 95 p. [3234]
100. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
55. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Hieracium albiflorum

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Rights Holder:

Barcode of Life Data Systems

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Hieracium albiflorum

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Barcode of Life Data Systems

Conservation Status

Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure

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NatureServe

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NatureServe

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure

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NatureServe

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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NatureServe

Management

Management considerations

More info for the terms: cover, resistance

White hawkweed is susceptible to high levels of human trampling. A study from western Montana revealed
that white hawkweed has low (<10% increase) resilience in terms of short- and long-term recovery
of relative cover after being trampled. Its resistance is listed as moderate (200 to 400 passes/year
required to reduce frequency). It can tolerate light (75 to 100 passes/year) trampling and still
recover [18].
In British Columbia, white hawkweed is considered an invasive/weedy species that seeds into open
habitats [49]. It is considered an invader species or a low-value meadow species, which increases with
overgrazing in the Sierra Nevada [80].

References:

49. Hamilton, Evelyn; Peterson, Les. 2003. Response of vegetation to burning in a subalpine forest cutblock in central British Columbia: Otter Creek site. Research Report 23. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forest Science Program. 60 p. [46111]
18. Cole, David N. 1988. Disturbance and recovery of trampled montane grassland and forests in Montana. Res. Pap. INT-389. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 37 p. [3622]
80. Ratliff, Raymond D. 1985. Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-84. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 52 p. [20378]

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