Mahonia repens

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [31]:

1 Northern Pacific Border

2 Cascade Mountains

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

14 Great Plains

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

References:

31. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Distribution

Oregon-grape is native to the western United States and Canada. It occurs from central British Columbia and southern Alberta to western South Dakota, south to California, and east to southern Arizona and New Mexico, and Minnesota [34,61,133,207,216]. Isolated populations are also present in western Texas, Indiana, and Pennsylvania [61]. The Flora of North America provides a distributional map of Oregon-grape.

References:

34. Borland, Jim. 1990. Mahonia repens. American Nurseryman. 172(3): 106. [54320]
61. Francis, John K. 2004. Mahonia repens. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, and Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 464-466. [52196]
133. Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Shrubs of other families. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 598-698. [52846]
207. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range plant handbook. Washington, DC. 532 p. [2387]
216. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Berberis aquifolium var. repens (Lindl.) Scoggan:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Hickman, J. C. 1993. Jepson Man.: Higher Pl. Calif. i–xvii, 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Berberis sonnei (Abrams) McMinn:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Berberis repens Lindl.:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
Whittemore, A. T. 1993. Berberis (Berberidaceae). 20 pp.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Berberis pumila Greene:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
Whittemore, A. T. 1993. Berberis (Berberidaceae). 20 pp.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Berberis amplectens (Eastw.) L.C. Wheeler:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
Whittemore, A. T. 1993. Berberis (Berberidaceae). 20 pp.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Distribution

Alta., B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah, Wash., Wyo.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Distribution

Calif., Oreg.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Distribution

Calif.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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NatureServe

Global Range: Mahonia repens ranges from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada and south through California, west to Texas and North Dakota, U.S.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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NatureServe

Morphology

Description

More info for the term: rhizome

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available [3,68,71,85,88,99,100,109,124,214,216].

Oregon-grape is a perennial, evergreen, creeping subshrub [71,100,109,135,157,210,216]. Stem height is 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) [61,68,85,88,99,100,109,135,157,216]. Each aerial stem arises from a rhizome that gives rise to other aerial stems at intervals [3,85,110,135,149,181,210,216]. Leaves are pinnately compound with 3 to 7 spine-toothed leaflets [61,68,71,85,100,109,124,135,153,210]. Flowers occur in dense racemes or umbels [3,68,85,99,100,110,124,153,157,210,216]. Fruits are berries, 0.4 inches long (1 cm) and borne in grape-like clusters [3,68,71,85,99,110,124,135,210,216]. Each berry contains 1 to 4 seeds, 0.2 to 0.4 inches (0.6-1.0 cm) long [61,110]. Each Oregon-grape fruit contains several seeds [3,68,71,85,99,110,116,124,135,149,210,216]. Oregon-grape produces 71,120 seeds per pound [96].

Roots: Oregon-grape has fibrous rhizomes and roots that typically grow 0.6 to 2.0 inches (1.5-5 cm) below the mineral soil surface [35,36,88,128,132,147]. Rhizomes can sprout from relatively great depth without the stimulus of fire [35,78]. Bradley [35] found 1 active rhizome branch originating from 5.9 inches (15 cm) below the soil surface that was nearly emergent in Pattee Canyon, in western Montana. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, a 6 ftÂ² study plot identified 31 stems originating from the same root system [32]. Roots can reach a maximum rooting depth of 6 feet (1.8 m), providing adaptability to water stress [40,145].

References:

71. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
3. Ahrendt, Leslie Walter Allan. 1961. Berberis and Mahonia. A taxonomic revision. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. 57(369): 1-410. [9098]
35. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
36. Brown, James K.; DeByle, Norbert V. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on biomass and plant succession in western aspen. Res. Pap. INT-412. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. [9286]
40. Canadell, J.; Jackson, R. B.; Ehleringer, J. R.; Mooney, H. A.; Sala, O. E.; Schulze, E.-D. 1996. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia. 108(4): 583-595. [27670]
61. Francis, John K. 2004. Mahonia repens. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, and Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 464-466. [52196]
68. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
78. Habeck, James R. 1984. Effects of fire on the flora of the northern Rocky Mountains. Unpublished handout included as part of the 1984 Managing Fire Effects Course, Northern Training Center, Interagency Training Group, Missoula MT. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41835]
85. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
96. Jorgensen, Kent R.; Stevens, Richard. 2004. Seed collection, cleaning, and storage. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-3. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 699-716. [42398]
100. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
109. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
110. Laferriere, Joseph E. 1992. Berberidaceae: barberry family. In: A new flora for Arizona in preparation. In: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 26(1): 2-4. [21478]
116. Lee, Lyndon C.; Pfister, Robert D. 1978. A training manual for Montana forest habitat types. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 142 p. [1434]
124. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
128. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
132. Mitchell, Jerry M. 1984. Fire management action plan: Zion National Park, Utah. Record of Decision. 73 p. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17278]
135. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
145. Nimlos, Thomas J.; Van Meter, Wayne P.; Daniels, Lewis A. 1968. Rooting patterns of forest understory species as determined by radioiodine absorption. Ecology. 49(6): 1145-1151. [4120]
147. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]
153. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
157. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas: Including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130]
181. Smith, Nevin. 1987. Growing natives: the mahonias, Part I. Fremontia. 14(4): 27-29. [10403]
210. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
214. Weber, William A.; Wittmann, Ronald C. 1996. Colorado flora: eastern slope. 2d ed. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 524 p. [27572]
216. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
32. Bever, Wendell. 1952. The affect of silvicultural practices on the production of deer browse. Project No. 12-R-9. In: [Larger work unknown]. Brookings, SD: South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks: 27-31. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16355]
99. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
149. Oregon State University. 2004. Landscape plants: Images, identification, and information. Volume 2, [Online]. Corvallis, OR: Department of Horticulture (Producer). Available: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/2plants.htm [2004, August 26]. [51737]

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Description

Shrubs , evergreen, 0.02-0.2(-0.6) m. Stems monomorphic, usually without short axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems grayish or purplish brown, glabrous. Bud scales 3-8 mm, deciduous. Spines absent. Leaves (3-)5-7-foliolate; petioles (1-)3-9 cm. Leaflet blades thin and flexible; surfaces abaxially dull, papillose, adaxially dull, rarely glossy, somewhat glaucous; terminal leaflet stalked, blade 3.2-9.5 × 2.3-6 cm, 1.2-2.2(-2.5) times as long as wide; lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic, 1(-3)-veined from base, base rounded to obtuse or truncate, margins plane, toothed, with 6-24 teeth 0.5-3 mm tipped with spines to 0.6-2.8 × 0.1-0.25 mm, apex rounded, rarely obtuse or even broadly acute. Inflorescences racemose, dense, 25-50-flowered, 3-10 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex rounded to obtuse or broadly acute. Anther filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. Berries blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm, juicy, solid. 2 n = 28.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Description

Shrubs , evergreen, 0.1-0.4 m. Stems monomorphic, without short axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems gray-brown or purplish, glabrous. Bud scales 3-6 mm, deciduous. Spines absent. Leaves 3-9-foliolate; petioles 0.5-4 cm. Leaflet blades thick and rigid; surfaces abaxially dull, papillose, adaxially dull, glaucous; terminal leaflet stalked, at least on most leaves, blade 4-8 × 2-5 cm, 1.3-1.9 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades ovate to oblong-ovate or elliptic, 1(-3)-veined from base, base obtuse, rarely truncate, margins plane or undulate, toothed, with 2-10 teeth 1-3 mm tipped with spines to 1.6-3 - 0.3-0.4(-0.5) mm, apex obtuse or rounded, rarely broadly acuminate. Inflorescences racemose, dense, 30-45-flowered, 2-4 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes apiculate. Flowers: anther filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. Berries dark blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid to spheric, 5-8 mm, juicy, solid. 2 n = 28.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Description

Shrubs , evergreen, 0.2-1.2 m. Stems monomorphic, without short axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems purple, glabrous. Bud scales 3-6 mm, deciduous. Spines absent. Leaves 5-7-foliolate; petioles 1.5-5 cm. Leaflet blades thick and rigid; surfaces abaxially dull, papillose, adaxially dull, ± glaucous; terminal leaflet stalked, blade 4.4-5.5 × 3.1-4.6 cm, 1.1-1.4 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades oblong or circular, 1-5-veined from base, base truncate or cordate, margins undulate or crispate, toothed, each with 9-15 teeth 1-3 mm tipped with spines to 1.4-2.4 × 0.2-0.4 mm, apex truncate or broadly rounded. Inflorescences racemose, dense, 25-35-flowered, 3-6 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex obtuse or rounded. Flowers: anther filaments distally with pair of recurved teeth: author had no data available. Berries dark blue, glaucous, ovoid to elliptic, 7-9 mm, juicy, solid. 2 n = 28.

More info for the term: xeric

Oregon-grape is abundant on north-facing slopes [133,151]. It occurs in dry to moist foothill shrublands and montane areas [68,85,99,109,110,124,135,157,210,214,216] with sparse understory vegetation [61]. Oregon-grape also occurs in moist sites on plains, low-elevation woodlands [119,133], riparian areas, and occasionally wetland areas [83]. Oregon-grape is among the most resistant plants to winter sun exposure [213].

Elevation: Oregon-grape grows at elevations ranging from near sea level on the Pacific coast to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Rocky Mountains [85,216]. Elevational ranges by state are shown below:

Arizona 5,000- 8,500 feet (1,500-2,600 m) [100] California 1,000-7,200 feet (300-2,200 m) [88] Colorado 5,500-10,000 feet (1,700-3,100 m) [85] Nevada 5,000-10,000 feet (1,500-3,100 m) [99] New Mexico 6,500-10,000 feet (2,000-3,100 m) [124] Texas 4,500-8,000 feet (1,400-2,400 m) [157,210] Utah 3,600-9,800 feet (1,100-3,000 m) [216]

Soil: Oregon-grape is found in medium-textured, well-drained sandy loam, chalky, or granitic soil in coniferous forests [34,71,213] and sometimes on shallow, rocky sites where other vegetation is sparse [46,213]. Oregon-grape grows well on soils derived from limestone and quartzite in western Montana [67]. It is intolerant of poor drainage and high water tables [85,156,213] and is weakly tolerant to saline soils [182]. Oregon-grape is tolerant of very strongly acid to mildly alkaline soils [34,213] with pH ranging from 4.6 to 7.6 [34,182,185,189].

Climate: Oregon-grape tolerates a wide range of climates including xeric continental [81,142], Pacific maritime, core maritime, northern and southern continental [142,176,188], and subhumid montane [217].

Precipitation: Oregon-grape tolerates annual precipitation ranging from 12 inches (305 mm) per year in the Uinta Mountains of Utah [57] to 140 inches (3,556 mm) per year in northwest Oregon [120].

References:

71. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
34. Borland, Jim. 1990. Mahonia repens. American Nurseryman. 172(3): 106. [54320]
46. Costello, David F. 1944. Important species of the major forage types in Colorado and Wyoming. Ecological Monographs. 14(1): 107-134. [693]
57. Fechner, Gilbert H. 1985. Silvical characteristics of blue spruce. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-117. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 19 p. [7478]
61. Francis, John K. 2004. Mahonia repens. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, and Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 464-466. [52196]
67. Goldin, A.; Nimlos, T. J. 1977. Vegetation patterns on limestone and acid parent materials in the Garnet Mountains of western Montana. Northwest Science. 51(3): 149-160. [10675]
68. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
81. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R. 1988. The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-157. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. [771]
83. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
85. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
100. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
109. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
110. Laferriere, Joseph E. 1992. Berberidaceae: barberry family. In: A new flora for Arizona in preparation. In: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 26(1): 2-4. [21478]
119. Lesica, Peter. 1989. The vegetation and condition of upland hardwood forests in eastern Montana. Proceedings, Montana Academy of Sciences. 49: 45-62. [30103]
120. Lowry, G. L.; Youngberg, C. T. 1955. The effect of certain site and soil factors on the establishment of Douglas-fir on the Tillamook Burn. Soil Science of America. 19(3): 378-380. [41398]
124. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
133. Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Shrubs of other families. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 598-698. [52846]
135. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
142. Nelson, Jennifer A. 2000. Nutrient capital, net primary productivity, and the role of understory vegetation in a Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type in central Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 148 p. Thesis. [41934]
151. Pase, Charles P.; Hurd, Richard M. 1958. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover and litter produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. In: Proceedings, annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters; 1957 November 10-13; Syracuse, NY. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 156-158. [10540]
156. Plummer, A. Perry; Christensen, Donald R.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1968. Restoring big-game range in Utah. Publ. No. 68-3. Ephraim, UT: Utah Division of Fish and Game. 183 p. [4554]
157. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas: Including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130]
176. Severson, Kieth E.; Thilenius, John F. 1976. Classification of quaking aspen stands in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains. Res. Pap. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p. [2111]
182. Stark, N. 1966. Review of highway planting information appropriate to Nevada. Bull. No. B-7. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, College of Agriculture, Desert Research Institute. 209 p. In cooperation with: Nevada State Highway Department. [47]
188. Steele, Robert; Pfister, Robert D. 1991. Western-montane plant communities and forest ecosystem perspectives. In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., compilers. Proceedings--management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 20-28. [15965]
189. Steele, Robert; Pfister, Robert D.; Ryker, Russell A.; Kittams, Jay A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 138 p. [2231]
210. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
213. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 347 p. [4837]
214. Weber, William A.; Wittmann, Ronald C. 1996. Colorado flora: eastern slope. 2d ed. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 524 p. [27572]
216. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
99. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
185. Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; [and others]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. [2230]
217. West, Neil E.; Madany, Michael H. 1981. Fire history of the Horse Pasture Plateau, Zion National Park. Final report: Contract No. CX-1200-9-BO48; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Submitted to Utah State University]. 221 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16796]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the terms: cover, phase

Oregon-grape is recognized as a dominant species in the following vegetation
classifications:

Arizona:

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Oregon-grape habitat type [7,113]

White fir (Abies concolor)/Oregon-grape habitat type [69,113,125,138]

White fir/Douglas-fir habitat type, Oregon-grape phase

White fir/Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) habitat type, Oregon-grape phase[7]
Colorado

White fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [125]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/Oregon-grape habitat type [6]
Idaho

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [88,180,185,187].

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [180,185,187,189,189]

Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [185]

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)/Oregon-grape [180]

Singleleaf pinyon/curlleaf mountain mahogany-mountain snowberry-Oregon-grape/bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pinus monophylla/Cercocarpus
ledifolius-Symphoricarpos oreophilus/Pseudoroegneria spicata) [170]

Ponderosa pine/common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Oregon-grape phase [180]
Montana

Quaking aspen/Oregon-grape habitat type [81,82]

Ponderosa pine/Oregon-grape habitat type [167,180]

Ponderosa pine/common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [116,180]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [180]
Nevada

Subalpine fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [144]
New Mexico

White fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [113,125]

White fir/Rocky Mountain maple habitat type-Oregon-grape phase [4,7]

White fir/sparse habitat type (white fir/Douglas-fir habitat type)-Oregon-grape phase [7]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [113],
Oregon

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape community type [42]
South Dakota

Quaking aspen/Oregon-grape/roughleaf ricegrass (Oryzopsis
asperifolia) habitat type [44,136,176]

Ponderosa pine/common juniper (Juniperus communis)-common
snowberry-Oregon-grape habitat type [200]

Ponderosa pine-bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa)/common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)-common snowberry-Oregon-grape habitat type [200]
Utah

Subalpine fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [57,79,126]

White fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [57,219]

White-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [126,219]

Blue spruce (Picea pungens)/Oregon-grape habitat type [57,126,180,219]

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)/Oregon-grape habitat type [126]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [180,219]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [126,180,219]

Subalpine fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [219]

Subalpine fir/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [219]
Wyoming

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [5,44,180,185]

Douglas-fir/Oregon-grape habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [185]

Quaking aspen/Oregon-grape cover type [5,136,220]

Quaking aspen/subalpine fir habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [220]

Subalpine fir/Oregon-grape habitat type [5,185]

Subalpine fir/Oregon grape cover type [5]

Subalpine fir/Oregon grape cover type, Oregon-grape phase [185]

Subalpine fir/Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) habitat type, Oregon-grape phase [44]

References:

88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
4. Alexander, Billy G., Jr.; Fitzhugh, E. Lee; Ronco, Frank, Jr.; Ludwig, John A. 1987. A classification of forest habitat types of the northern portion of the Cibola National Forest, New Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-143. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p. [4207]
5. Alexander, Robert R. 1986. Classification of the forest vegetation of Wyoming. Res. Note RM-466. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. [304]
6. Alexander, Robert R. 1987. Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type. Res. Note RM-478. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p. [9092]
7. Alexander, Robert R.; Ronco, Frank, Jr. 1987. Classification of the forest vegetation on the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico. Res. Note RM-469. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. [3515]
42. Cole, David N. 1982. Vegetation of two drainages in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Res. Pap. INT-288. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42 p. [658]
44. Collins, Ellen I. 1984. Preliminary classification of Wyoming plant communities. Cheyenne, WY: Wyoming Natural Heritage Program/The Nature Conservancy. 42 p. [661]
57. Fechner, Gilbert H. 1985. Silvical characteristics of blue spruce. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-117. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 19 p. [7478]
69. Gottfried, Gerald J. 1992. Growth and development in an old-growth Arizona mixed conifer stand following initial harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management. 54: 1-26. [20231]
79. Hanley, D. P.; Schmidt, W. C.; Blake, G. M. 1975. Stand structure and successional status of two spruce-fir forests in southern Utah. Res. Paper INT-176. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 16 p. [8860]
81. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R. 1988. The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-157. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. [771]
82. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R.; Steinauer, Gerry A. 1984. Upland forest and woodland habitat types of the Missouri Plateau, Great Plains Province. In: Noble, Daniel L.; Winokur, Robert P., eds. Wooded draws: characteristics and values for the Northern Great Plains: Symposium proceedings; 1984 June 12-13; Rapid City, SD. Great Plains Agricultural Council Publ. No. 111. Rapid City, SD: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Biology Department: 15-26. [1078]
113. Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. 2d ed. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 90 p. [8947]
116. Lee, Lyndon C.; Pfister, Robert D. 1978. A training manual for Montana forest habitat types. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 142 p. [1434]
125. Mathiasen, Robert L.; Blake, Elizabeth; Edminster, Carleton B. 1987. Estimates of site potential for ponderosa pine based on site index for several Southwestern habitat types. The Great Basin Naturalist. 47(3): 467-472. [5216]
126. Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p. [1553]
136. Mueggler, W. F. 1985. Vegetation associations. In: DeByle, Norbert V.; Winokur, Robert P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 45-55. [11907]
138. Muldavin, Esteban H.; De Velice, Robert L.; Ronco, Frank, Jr. 1996. A classification of forest habitat types: southern Arizona and portions of the Colorado Plateau. RM-GTR-287. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 130. [27968]
170. Rust, Steven K. 1999. Pinyon-juniper woodland classification and description in Research Natural Areas in southeastern Idaho. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard, compilers. Sustaining and restoring a diverse ecosystem; Proceedings: ecology and management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior West; 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proceedings RMRS-P-9. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 82-93. [30541]
176. Severson, Kieth E.; Thilenius, John F. 1976. Classification of quaking aspen stands in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains. Res. Pap. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p. [2111]
180. Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 142 p. [27992]
187. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1995. Major Douglas-fir habitat types of central Idaho: a summary of succession and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-331. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 23 p. [26587]
189. Steele, Robert; Pfister, Robert D.; Ryker, Russell A.; Kittams, Jay A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 138 p. [2231]
200. Thilenius, John F. 1972. Classification of deer habitat in the ponderosa pine forest of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Res. Pap. RM-91. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 28 p. [2317]
219. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Mauk, Ronald L. 1985. Coniferous forest habitat types of central and southern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 89 p. [2684]
220. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Mueggler, Walter F. 1981. Aspen community types on the Bridger-Teton National Forest in western Wyoming. Res. Pap. INT-272. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 34 p. [2685]
144. Nevada Natural Heritage Program. 2003. National vegetation classification for Nevada [NVC], [Online]. Carson City, NV: Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Producer). Available: http://heritage.nv.gov/ecology/nv_nvc.htm [2005, November 3]. [55021]
167. Roberts, David W.; Sibbernsen, John I. [n.d.]. Forest habitat types of the Little Rocky Mountains. Report prepared for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Lab. Order No. 6055-0100430. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 60 p. [29856]
185. Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; [and others]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. [2230]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the term: cover

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [178]:

101 Bluebunch wheatgrass

102 Idaho fescue

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral

210 Bitterbrush

215 Valley grassland

217 Wetlands

239 Pinyon-juniper

304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue

317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue

401 Basin big sagebrush

402 Mountain big sagebrush

404 Threetip sagebrush

409 Tall forb

411 Aspen woodland

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

413 Gambel oak

415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

416 True mountain-mahogany

418 Bigtooth maple

420 Snowbrush

421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose

422 Riparian

612 Sagebrush-grass

References:

178. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [56]:

16 Aspen

42 Bur oak

63 Cottonwood

109 Hawthorn

206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

208 Whitebark pine

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

215 Western white pine

216 Blue spruce

217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

219 Limber pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

224 Western hemlock

226 Coastal true fir-hemlock

227 Western redcedar-western hemlock

228 Western redcedar

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone

237 Interior ponderosa pine

239 Pinyon-juniper

243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer

244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir

245 Pacific ponderosa pine

References:

56. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Plant Associations

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: shrub

KUCHLER [104] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K004 Fir-hemlock forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K016 Eastern ponderosa forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K019 Arizona pine forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K033 Chaparral

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K050 Fescue-wheatgrass

References:

104. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Ecosystem

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [62]:

FRES19 Aspen-birch

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES22 Western white pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce

FRES25 Larch

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES28 Western hardwoods

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES36 Mountain grasslands

References:

62. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; Lewis, Mont E.; Smith, Dixie R. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

Source:

License:

Habitat

Open forest, shrubland, and grassland; 200-3000m.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Habitat

Open woods and rocky areas; 300-1200m.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Habitat

Rocky slopes in chaparral and open forest; of conservation concern; 900-1900m.

Source:

License:

BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK)

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Associations

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Erysiphe berberidis parasitises Mahonia repens

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Rights Holder:

BioImages

General Ecology

Fire Management Considerations

More info for the terms: fuel, prescribed fire, severity

Oregon-grape can recover quickly, remain unchanged or decrease following prescribed fire. The response of Oregon-grape to prescribed fire depends on the habitat type, fuel load, and severity of the burn. Research is needed to determine the seasonal effect of prescribed burning on Oregon-grape.

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: cover, duff, fire severity, fire use, frequency, fuel, litter, low-severity fire, prescribed burn, prescribed fire, relative frequency, restoration, severity, shrub, shrubs, stand-replacement fire, succession, tree, underburn, wildfire

The postfire recovery time for Oregon-grape varies according to fire severity, site
characteristics, and climatic factors.

Oregon-grape sprouted 4 months after a fire that
killed all but old growth ponderosa pine trees in a mixed-conifer forest in Zion
National Park, Utah [217].
Oregon-grape sprouted from rhizomes 1 year after fire in old-growth western
hemlock-Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest [1].
In a 1996 lightning-ignited fire in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 4,781
acres (1,935 ha) burned. Postfire recovery was studied the following year in 3 habitats:
mountain shrublands, pinyon-juniper/shrublands, and pinyon-juniper
woodlands. Oregon-grape occurred in 10 to 20% of all habitat types. The numbers below indicate the
relative frequency of Oregon-grape [60]:
Habitat Mountain shrublands0.19Pinyon-juniper/shrublands0.12Pinyon-juniper woodlands0.14
Severe wildfires:
Oregon-grape increased after severe fires in the following habitats:
Subalpine fir/Engelmann spruce habitat: In a 1974 lightning-ignited fire in
Waterfalls Canyon in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, 3,494 ac (1,414 ha) burned before
it was extinguished by snow in late November. Data were collected from
permanent plots in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1983, and 1991 in 60 unburned plots, 60 moderately
burned (40% of the canopy trees alive 1 year after the fire) plots, and 60 severely burned
plots (all trees killed and the aboveground portions of understory species are
consumed). Oregon-grape was considered one of the most important
postfire understory species in the severely burned areas, making up a maximum
cover of 1-3%. The mean percent cover of Oregon-grape is shown below [54]:
Year19751976197719831991Unburned1trace
(<1% cover)11tModerate burnt0000Severe burnt1121
Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir and lodgepole pine stands: Oregon-grape
appeared 1 year after a severe subalpine wildfire in northern Colorado [30].
Douglas-fir: Oregon-grape was a common undergrowth species 10 years after a
severe fire in an advanced mature/early old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the
Warner Creek Basin on the Willamette National Forest near Eugene, Oregon [160].
Following a severe wildfire in 1977 in a second-growth Douglas-fir forest in
western Montana, the percent cover of Oregon-grape increased over time [204]:
Year197919821987Postfire year2510Percent cover3511
Ponderosa pine/common snowberry, grand fir/queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), grand fir/birchleaf
spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), and grand fir/pinegrass (Calamagrostis
rubescens): Oregon-grape increased after severe fires in
these northeastern Oregon communities and utilized habitat after a
severe burn in a cool, moist grand fir forest [95].
Douglas-fir, quaking aspen, and subalpine fir: Oregon-grape appeared 5 years after a
severe fire in 1998 in Yellowstone National Park [9], perhaps due to seed
dispersal by birds and mammals.
Prescribed burning:
Oregon-grape can have an unfavorable, favorable, or
no response to prescribed burning based on the habitat, severity of the burn,
and how long after fire Oregon-grape is measured.
Unfavorable responses to prescribed burning:

Gambel oak habitat: The frequency of Oregon-grape was higher in
unburned stands versus stands burned within 8 years of the sampling date in central Utah [107]:
Treatment9 unburned stands14 burned standsAverage percent frequency7.72.6
Douglas-fir/ponderosa pine habitat: Arno [15] studied the response of
Oregon-grape for 4 years following low and high-consumption prescribed burning in a
shelterwood cutting unit in
western Montana. The average percent cover of Oregon-grape was
highest overall in the no burn areas, and greater in the
high-consumption burns compared to the low-consumption burns. Burn treatment
severity was indicated by the consumption of woody fuels, which ranged from 0% in
the no-burn to 80% in the high-consumption burn treatment. Mineral soil exposure was 4% in
the no-burn, 8% in the low-consumption burn and 9% in the high-consumption burn
[15]:
Postfire yearPretreatment 1 2 3 4No burn3.02.62.73.03.9Low-consumption burn1.21.62.02.62.9High-consumption burn2.11.72.83.43.9
Mixed conifer: The effectiveness of shelterwood cutting and underburning was
tested on a ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir-grand fir forest on the Priest River
Experimental Forest in northern Idaho. Treatments included a moist fuels underburn, a dry
fuels underburn, and a no burn in the cut units. The percent canopy coverage of
Oregon-grape was measured 1 year following the moist and dry burns. Oregon-grape
changed little after the shelterwood cut in the no burn and moist underburn
areas but decreased after the dry burn [179]:
No burnMoist burnDry burnPrecutPostcutPrefirePostfirePrefirePostfire4.64.03.83.73.91.3
Favorable responses of Oregon-grape to prescribed burning:

Big sagebrush/grass: The effects of prescribed burning were studied by
Blaisdell [33] in the Snake River Plains in Idaho. Four hundred circular plots,
each having an area of 100 ftÂ², were established at
regular intervals. Immediately after the plots were burned, they were
classified by intensity of burn as follows: "light burn"-smaller branches and
twigs of sagebrush unburned, only leaves consumed by fire; "moderate burn"-
larger branches of sagebrush remaining, but smaller branches and twigs consumed;
and "heavy burn"- trunk or mainstem
of sagebrush plants consumed by fire. Fifteen years following the prescribed burns,
Oregon-grape was favored by the heavy burn treatment [33]:
Unburned Light burnModerate burnHeavy burnLbs/acre6.34.47.033.9
Great Basin big sagebrush: The percent cover of Oregon-grape was greater
after prescribed spring and fall fires in 1973 compared to a control site on the
Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming [127]:
TreatmentSpring burnFall burnUnburned controlYear197419751976197419751976197419751976Cover (%) trace 1tracetrace ----1----trace ----Frequency (%)3553----10----3----
Mixed conifer, quaking aspen/mixed conifer and quaking aspen: Oregon-grape responded quickly after
a prescribed burn applied in late September in Manning Basin in the Caribou
National Forest, Idaho. In the mixed conifer stand, the burn severity was
"moderate", indicating that litter was consumed, duff was deeply charred, but
with some remaining charcoal; shrubs were killed and partially consumed; and
most aspen stems were charred and appeared killed. In the upper-elevation and
lower-elevation aspen stands, the burn severity was "high", indicating that
litter and duff were completely consumed and mineral soil exposed; shrubs were
mostly consumed; and all aspen stems were killed. The biomass of Oregon-grape was
2/3rds of prefire quantities 5 years after
fire. The numbers below indicate biomass kg/ha [36]:

Stand

Mixed conifer

Upper-elevation aspen

Lower-elevation aspen

Prefire606585Postfire479347
Ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir:
The Research Project Summary
Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant species
in this community including
Oregon-grape.
Douglas-fir:
Vegetation was compared between clearcuts, uncut, and cut and
burned stands by Lafferty [111] in the Gold Creek drainage, 17 miles northeast
of Missoula, Montana. The clearcuts were burned in the fall between 1961 and 1964, and the study was
conducted in 1967. The burn classifications are as follows: "Unburned"-no
apparent effect of fire on the slash or soil; "lightly burned"-twigs finger-size
and smaller consumed, larger materials partly burned with needles scorched and
fuel components discernible; and "severely burned"-fire consumed most of the
organic layer, all 4 inch materials absent and logs deeply charred.
Oregon-grape was most abundant on south aspects of the
"lightly burned" stand [111]:
TreatmentUnburnedLightly burnedSeverely burnedAspectNorthEastSouthNorthEastSouthNorthEastSouthCover (%) 55135513055Frequency (%)69143462011
Douglas-fir/globe huckleberry: After spring and
fall prescribed fires in the Lubrecht Experimental forest in western Montana,
the total number of Oregon-grape plants increased in 3 of 5 plots, and
frequency increased in 2 of 5 plots in both
postfire years [130]:
Plot numberPrefire 1973Postfire 1974Postfire 1975Total no. of plantsNo. of sample quadrats with plantsTotal no. of plantsNo. of sample quadrats with plantsTotal no. of plantsNo. of sample quadrats with plants2 (Spring burn)73101093130530 (Spring burn)3910801486131(Fall burn)13521561077113 (Fall burn)110612781801031 (Fall burn)6222235
Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat: On the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation in Benewah County, Idaho, Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat was burned in high- and
low-intensity prescription fires. Oregon-grape was nearly absent on high-intensity burn sites, and
unharmed on low-intensity sites. The following table provides the percent cover in unburned, low-intensity,
and high-intensity treatments. Coverages are averaged over 3 postfire years of
data collection [11].
TreatmentUnburnedLow-intensityHigh-intensityCover (%)1.11.20.0Frequency (%)8.611.10.2
The average fuel load on burned sites was 58,200 kg/ha, nearly half of which
was duff [25]. Depth of duff was 1.3 cm on high-intensity sites, 4.0 cm on low-intensity sites,
and 6.6 cm on unburned sites. Three replicated high- and low-intensity fires
were sampled. High- and low-intensity fires had significantly different (p<0.05)
fireline intensities. Energy produced by high-intensity fires was between 30 to
3,034 kcal/m/s and averaged 781 kcal/m/s; energy released on low-intensity fires
averaged 127 kcal/m/s and ranged from 25 to 194 kcal/m/s. Significantly (p value
not reported) more duff was consumed on the high-intensity fire sites (80%) than
on low-intensity fire sites (40%). Flame lengths averaged 0.9 m and ranged from
0.1 to 1.7 m on both sites. On average, duff smoldered longer on high-intensity
sites than on low-intensity sites [11]. See the Research Project Summary
Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity fires in northern Idaho ponderosa pine forests for an extended report on this study.
Lyon's Research Paper
also provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant
species, including Oregon-grape, in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir communities.

Grand fir/Oregon boxwood (Pachistima
myrsinites): The percent shrub crown cover of Oregon-grape was studied
before (1967) and after prescribed spring burning in central
Idaho by Leege [118] with little difference [118]:
Year196719691970197019721977% crown cover0.50.30.50.60.90.6
Grand fir/Oregon boxwood: In a study performed by Zamora [221], 43 stands of vegetation representing various
developmental stages were studied following broadcast-burned clearcut stands in north central Idaho. The average
percent canopy volume of Oregon-grape was greatest 8 years following
the treatment and decreased until Oregon-grape was no longer present in the near-climax stage [221]:
Age class1 year3 year8 year12 year23 yearNear-climax % canopy volume <0.10.10.7<0.10.10
Mature larch/Douglas-fir: Following spring and fall prescribed burns of "light
intensity" in the Lubrecht Experimental Forest in western Montana, almost no
damage was done to the rhizomes of Oregon-grape, and Oregon-grape sprouted either the same year or the
following year [184].
Grand fir/Oregon boxwood and western hemlock/Oregon boxwood: A 20-year record of shrub
succession in clearcut and clearcut-burned areas
was studied in the Coeur d'Alene National Forest in northern Idaho by Wittinger
and others [218]. Oregon-grape increased following logging and/or burning on 3 sites in
the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood sites and 2 sites in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat
as shown below [218]:
The Jupiter Creek-Diamond Cut site is located in the western hemlock-Oregon boxwood
habitat and was clearcut in 1950 and not burned. Oregon-grape increased 7 years after
clearcutting but decreased 25 years after clearcutting [218]:
Jupiter Creek-Diamond cut site

Unlogged adjacent

7 years after clearcutting14 years after clearcutting25 years after clearcutting% composition8.719.32.81.6% cover3.714.12.02.3
The Jupiter Creek-Power Line site is located in the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood habitat and
was clearcut and burned in 1961. The percent composition and percent cover
changed little 3 years and 14 years after the treatment [218]:
Jupiter Creek-Power Line site3 years after clearcutting and burning14 years after clearcutting and burning% composition1.30.9% cover0.91.8
The Beetle Creek site is located in the western hemlock/Oregon boxwood habitat and was cut in
1956 and burned in 1958. Oregon-grape increased significantly
(p<0.05) on the clearcut and burned sites compared to the unlogged adjacent site [218]:
Beetle Creek siteUnlogged adjacent6 years after clearcutting and burning17 years after clearcutting and burning% compositiontrace2.24.5% covertrace2.27.8
The Tourist Creek site is located in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat and was clearcut and burned in 1964.
Oregon-grape increased after 5 years then decreased by 11 years [218]:
Tourist Creek site5 years after clearcutting and burning11 years after clearcutting and burning% composition8.34.7% cover6.04.0
The Mullan Tree site is also located in the grand fir/Oregon boxwood habitat and was
clearcut in 1956 and burned in 1958. Oregon-grape sustained increases following
logging and burning though the 14-year period [218]:
Mullan Tree site196419753 years after clearcutting and burning14 years after clearcutting and burning% composition1.02.6% cover0.54.6
No response to prescribed burning:

Subalpine fir/beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) habitat type, globe
huckleberry phase: The response of Oregon-grape to different clearcutting treatments
followed by burning in west-central
Montana was studied by Arno and Simmerman [20]. Oregon-grape showed little
change after the following treatments: clearcutting without additional site or slash treatment,
clearcutting with broadcast burning, clearcutting with mechanical scarification and burning in piles,
and low-severity fire, and severe, stand-replacement fire [20].

References:

9. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
11. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1984. Fire intensity effects on the understory in ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Range Management. 37(1): 44-48. [6618]
20. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G. 1982. Succession after cutting and fire treatments on forest habitat types in western Montana. In: Baumgartner, David M., compiler. Site preparation and fuels management on steep terrain: Proceedings of a symposium; 1982 February 15-17; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 113-117. [18537]
25. Bakken, Stephen. 1981. Predictions of fire behavior, fuel reduction, and tree damage from understory prescribed burning in the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type of northern Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 137 p. Thesis. [43780]
30. Barth, Richard C. 1970. Revegetation after a subalpine wildfire. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University. 142 p. Thesis. [12458]
33. Blaisdell, James P. 1953. Ecological effects of planned burning of sagebrush-grass range on the upper Snake River Plains. Tech. Bull. 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p. [462]
36. Brown, James K.; DeByle, Norbert V. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on biomass and plant succession in western aspen. Res. Pap. INT-412. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. [9286]
95. Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr. 1998. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-06-98. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 128 p. (+ appendices). [30061]
107. Kunzler, L. M.; Harper, K. T.; Kunzler, D. B. 1981. Compositional similarity within the oakbrush type in central and northern Utah. The Great Basin Naturalist. 41(1): 147-153. [1390]
111. Lafferty, Ralph R. 1970. Effect of burn intensities on vegetal composition and canopy-coverage in a selected area of western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 81 p. Thesis. [35756]
118. Leege, Thomas A. 1978. Changes in browse production after burning vs. slashing and burning on the four cardinal aspects--Polar Ridge. Job Completion Report No. W-160-R. Elk ecology: Range rehabilitation by spring burning; July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1978. Boise, ID: Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 20 p. [17171]
127. McGee, John M. 1977. Effects of prescribed burning on a sagebrush ecosystem in northwestern Wyoming. Final report: Cooperative Agreement No. 16-675-CA. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. 134 p. [49191]
130. Miller, Melanie. 1976. Shrub sprouting response to fire in a Douglas-fir/western larch ecosystem. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 124 p. Thesis. [8945]
160. Rapp, Valerie. 2003. New findings about old-growth forests. PNW Science Update. Issue No. 4. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 11 p. [45465]
179. Simmerman, Dennis G.; Arno, Stephen F.; Harrington, Michael G.; Graham, Russell T. 1991. A comparison of dry and moist fuel underburns in ponderosa pine shelterwood units in Idaho. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Potts, Donald F., eds. Proceedings, 11th annual conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1991 April 16-19; Missoula, MT. SAF Publication 91-04. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 387-397. [16186]
184. Steele, Robert W.; Stark, Nellie. 1977. Understory burning in larch/Douglas-fir forests as a management tool. Western Wildlands. 4(1): 25-29. [18761]
204. Toth, Barbara L. 1991. Factors affecting conifer regeneration and community structure after a wildfire in western Montana. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 124 p. Thesis. [14425]
218. Wittinger, W. T.; Pengelly, W. L.; Irwin, L. L.; Peek, J. M. 1977. A 20-year record of shrub succession in logged areas in the cedar-hemlock zone of northern Idaho. Northwest Science. 51(3): 161-171. [6828]
221. Zamora, Benjamin Abel. 1975. Secondary succession on broadcast-burned clearcuts of the Abies grandis-Pachistima myrsinites habitat type in northcentral Idaho. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 127 p. Dissertation. [5154]
1. Agee, James K. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forests: flora, fuels, and fauna. In: In: Conference proceedings: annual meeting of the Northwest Forest Fire Council; 1981 November 23-24; Portland, OR. [Place of publication unknown]:[Publisher unknown]: 1-12. [29752]
15. Arno, Stephen F. 1999. Undergrowth response, shelterwood cutting unit. In: Smith, Helen Y., Arno, Stephen F., eds. Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 36-37. [+ Appendix C: Summary of vegetation changes in shelterwood cutting unit]. [38264]
54. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; [and others]. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
60. Floyd-Hanna, Lisa; Hanna, David; Romme, William H. 1998. Chapin 5 Fire vegetation monitoring and mitigation annual report, year 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Mesa Verde National Park. 7 p. [+ Appendices]. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [34460]
217. West, Neil E.; Madany, Michael H. 1981. Fire history of the Horse Pasture Plateau, Zion National Park. Final report: Contract No. CX-1200-9-BO48; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Submitted to Utah State University]. 221 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16796]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Plant Response to Fire

Oregon-grape sprouts from rhizomes after fire. Seedling regeneration can occur from onsite or offsite sources [147]. Seedling establishment following fire has been reported by Bradley [35], possibly originating from a short-term seedbank. Oregon-grape seeds may be dispersed onto burns by birds and mammals [22,147,169].

Oregon-grape is considered an "endurer," or "survivor" due to its adaptability to survive fire by sprouting, and growth from deep-buried perennating buds [147,193,194,195,196]. Rhizomatous species, such as Oregon-grape, often increase by the end of the 1st year after fire [33,195]. If shallow rhizomes are killed by fire, the remaining rhizomes below the mineral soil surface can survive to form separate plants [35].

References:

195. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]
22. Auger, Janene; Meyer, Susan E.; Black, Hal L. 2002. Are American black bears (Ursus americanus) legitimate seed dispersers for fleshy-fruited shrubs. American Midland Naturalist. 147: 352-367. [42185]
33. Blaisdell, James P. 1953. Ecological effects of planned burning of sagebrush-grass range on the upper Snake River Plains. Tech. Bull. 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p. [462]
35. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
147. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]
169. Rudolf, Paul O. 1974. Berberis L. barberry, mahonia. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 247-251. [7423]
193. Stickney, Peter F. 1985. Data base for early postfire succession on the Sundance Burn, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-189. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 121 p. [7223]
194. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
196. Stickney, Peter F. 1991. Effects of fire on flora: Northern Rocky Mountain forest plants. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Missoula, MT. 10 p. [21628]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire

More info for the terms: cover, duff, flame length, frequency, resistance

Oregon-grape has "medium" resistance to fire [132,153,158,158,184,212]. This rating is interpreted as a 35-64% chance that 50% of a population will survive or immediately reestablish after a fire with an average flame length of 12 inches (30 cm) [158] and regain its prefire frequency or cover in 5 to 10 years [153,158]. Oregon-grape may be killed by severe fire (over 572Âº F (300Â° C)) that removes duff and causes heating of the soil, killing rhizomes [11,35,78,132,158,184,212]. Occasionally, Oregon-grape survives severe fires [9,15,30,33,54,95,160,204,217].

References:

9. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
11. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1984. Fire intensity effects on the understory in ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Range Management. 37(1): 44-48. [6618]
30. Barth, Richard C. 1970. Revegetation after a subalpine wildfire. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University. 142 p. Thesis. [12458]
33. Blaisdell, James P. 1953. Ecological effects of planned burning of sagebrush-grass range on the upper Snake River Plains. Tech. Bull. 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p. [462]
35. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
78. Habeck, James R. 1984. Effects of fire on the flora of the northern Rocky Mountains. Unpublished handout included as part of the 1984 Managing Fire Effects Course, Northern Training Center, Interagency Training Group, Missoula MT. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41835]
95. Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr. 1998. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-06-98. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 128 p. (+ appendices). [30061]
132. Mitchell, Jerry M. 1984. Fire management action plan: Zion National Park, Utah. Record of Decision. 73 p. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17278]
153. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
158. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]
160. Rapp, Valerie. 2003. New findings about old-growth forests. PNW Science Update. Issue No. 4. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 11 p. [45465]
184. Steele, Robert W.; Stark, Nellie. 1977. Understory burning in larch/Douglas-fir forests as a management tool. Western Wildlands. 4(1): 25-29. [18761]
204. Toth, Barbara L. 1991. Factors affecting conifer regeneration and community structure after a wildfire in western Montana. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 124 p. Thesis. [14425]
212. Volland, Leonard A.; Dell, John D. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forest and range vegetation. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Range Management/Aviation and Fire Management. 23 p. [29753]
15. Arno, Stephen F. 1999. Undergrowth response, shelterwood cutting unit. In: Smith, Helen Y., Arno, Stephen F., eds. Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 36-37. [+ Appendix C: Summary of vegetation changes in shelterwood cutting unit]. [38264]
54. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; [and others]. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
217. West, Neil E.; Madany, Michael H. 1981. Fire history of the Horse Pasture Plateau, Zion National Park. Final report: Contract No. CX-1200-9-BO48; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Submitted to Utah State University]. 221 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16796]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Immediate Effect of Fire

Fire top-kills Oregon-grape. Mortality of the entire plant is induced when sufficient heat is diverted to its rhizomes which are near or below the ground surface [11,78,132,158,184,212].

References:

11. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1984. Fire intensity effects on the understory in ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Range Management. 37(1): 44-48. [6618]
78. Habeck, James R. 1984. Effects of fire on the flora of the northern Rocky Mountains. Unpublished handout included as part of the 1984 Managing Fire Effects Course, Northern Training Center, Interagency Training Group, Missoula MT. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41835]
132. Mitchell, Jerry M. 1984. Fire management action plan: Zion National Park, Utah. Record of Decision. 73 p. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17278]
158. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]
184. Steele, Robert W.; Stark, Nellie. 1977. Understory burning in larch/Douglas-fir forests as a management tool. Western Wildlands. 4(1): 25-29. [18761]
212. Volland, Leonard A.; Dell, John D. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forest and range vegetation. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Range Management/Aviation and Fire Management. 23 p. [29753]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Post-fire Regeneration

More info for the terms: adventitious, ground residual colonizer, rhizome, secondary colonizer, shrub

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [195]:
Small shrub, adventitious bud/root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)

References:

195. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Fire Ecology

More info for the term: rhizome

Fire adaptations: Oregon-grape is adapted to fire due to its well-developed rhizome systems [3,35,36,88,128,132,147,195]; however, plants with rhizomes above the mineral layer may be killed in the case of severe fires [11,35,78,132,158,184,212].

FIRE REGIMES: Oregon-grape occurs in plant communities with a variety of FIRE REGIMES including frequent, low-severity surface fires, mixed-severity fires, and crown fires.

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where Oregon-grape is important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant species listed below.

Community or ecosystem Dominant species Fire return interval range (years) grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [16] basin big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [171] mountain big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [18,38,131] curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1,000 [21,174] mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii <35 to <100 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum <35 [154] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-350 [17,29,51] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 blue spruce* Picea pungens 35-200 [16] pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. <35 [154] whitebark pine* Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [2,13] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [28,29,198] Sierra lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200 [16] Colorado pinyon Pinus edulis 10-400+ [59,70,101,154] western white pine* Pinus monticola 50-200 Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [16] interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [16,24,115] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [16,72,129] mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (Âµ=10) [14,16] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [16,18,19] coastal Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [16,134,165] oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. <35 to <200 [154] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla >200 [16] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review

References:

2. Agee, James K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment). [23656]
195. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]
198. Tande, Gerald F. 1979. Fire history and vegetation pattern of coniferous forests in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1912-1931. [18676]
88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
38. Burkhardt, Wayne J.; Tisdale, E. W. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology. 57: 472-484. [565]
3. Ahrendt, Leslie Walter Allan. 1961. Berberis and Mahonia. A taxonomic revision. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. 57(369): 1-410. [9098]
11. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1984. Fire intensity effects on the understory in ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Range Management. 37(1): 44-48. [6618]
13. Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. Res. Pap. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. [15225]
14. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]
16. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
17. Arno, Stephen F.; Fischer, William C. 1995. Larix occidentalis--fire ecology and fire management. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 130-135. [25293]
18. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
19. Arno, Stephen F.; Scott, Joe H.; Hartwell, Michael G. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Res. Pap. INT-RP-481. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 25 p. [25928]
21. Arno, Stephen F.; Wilson, Andrew E. 1986. Dating past fires in curlleaf mountain-mahogany communities. Journal of Range Management. 39(3): 241-243. [350]
24. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
35. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
36. Brown, James K.; DeByle, Norbert V. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on biomass and plant succession in western aspen. Res. Pap. INT-412. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. [9286]
51. Davis, Kathleen M. 1980. Fire history of a western larch/Douglas-fir forest type in northwestern Montana. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 69-74. [12813]
59. Floyd, M. Lisa; Romme, William H.; Hanna, David D. 2000. Fire history and vegetation pattern in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecological Applications. 10(6): 1666-1680. [37590]
72. Gruell, G. E.; Loope, L. L. 1974. Relationships among aspen, fire, and ungulate browsing in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region. [3862]
78. Habeck, James R. 1984. Effects of fire on the flora of the northern Rocky Mountains. Unpublished handout included as part of the 1984 Managing Fire Effects Course, Northern Training Center, Interagency Training Group, Missoula MT. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41835]
115. Laven, R. D.; Omi, P. N.; Wyant, J. G.; Pinkerton, A. S. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 46-49. [7183]
128. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22(2): 120-122. [1621]
129. Meinecke, E. P. 1929. Quaking aspen: A study in applied forest pathology. Tech. Bull. No. 155. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 34 p. [26669]
131. Miller, Richard F.; Rose, Jeffery A. 1995. Historic expansion of Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) in southeastern Oregon. The Great Basin Naturalist. 55(1): 37-45. [25666]
132. Mitchell, Jerry M. 1984. Fire management action plan: Zion National Park, Utah. Record of Decision. 73 p. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17278]
134. Morrison, Peter H.; Swanson, Frederick J. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 77 p. [13074]
147. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]
154. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Haase, Sally M.; Harrington, Michael G.; Narog, Marcia G.; Sackett, Stephen S.; Wilson, Ruth C. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]
158. Powell, David C. 1994. Effects of the 1980's western spruce budworm outbreak on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Tech. Pub. R6-FI&D-TP-12-94. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Natural Resources Staff, Forest Insects and Diseases Group. 176 p. [29717]
165. Ripple, William J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 92(11): 45-49. [33881]
171. Sapsis, David B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue--bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. Thesis. [16579]
174. Schultz, Brad W. 1987. Ecology of curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) in western and central Nevada: population structure and dynamics. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 111 p. Thesis. [7064]
184. Steele, Robert W.; Stark, Nellie. 1977. Understory burning in larch/Douglas-fir forests as a management tool. Western Wildlands. 4(1): 25-29. [18761]
212. Volland, Leonard A.; Dell, John D. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forest and range vegetation. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Range Management/Aviation and Fire Management. 23 p. [29753]
28. Barrett, Stephen W. 1993. FIRE REGIMES on the Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests north-central Idaho. Final Report: Order No. 43-0276-3-0112. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. 21 p. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [41883]
29. Barrett, Stephen W.; Arno, Stephen F.; Key, Carl H. 1991. FIRE REGIMES of western larch - lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 1711-1720. [17290]
101. Keeley, Jon E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and FIRE REGIMES. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E.; Reiners, W. A., tech. coords. FIRE REGIMES and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 231-277. [4395]
70. Gottfried, Gerald J.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Allen, Craig D.; [and others]. 1995. Pinyon-juniper woodlands. In: Finch, Deborah M.; Tainter, Joseph A., eds. Ecology, diversity, and sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-268. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 95-132. [26188]

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Successional Status

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the terms: climax, cover, density, frequency, low-severity fire, succession

Oregon-grape is present throughout all successional stages [65,77,120]. It tolerates full sun and partial to deep shade [133,151]. It is considered a "stress tolerator" due to its shade tolerance and longevity, surviving in environments from clearcuts to dense conifer stands. As the overstory increases in density or cover, the establishment and growth of Oregon-grape diminish due to lack of sunlight [112,151,199]. Oregon-grape responds favorably to disturbances and increases after low-severity fire [11,12,183,184] as well as severe fire [9,15,30,33,54,95,160,204,217] and logging [151,175,218].

Oregon-grape is classified by various authors as a seral to climax species throughout its range. In studies by Habeck [75,76] in Glacier National Park, Montana, the forest succession of major understory species, including Oregon-grape, was studied in western redcedar-western hemlock (Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla) communities after the 1967 Flathead Fire. The following table presents the percent frequency of Oregon-grape from pioneer to climax stages of succession. The gradient segments begin with pioneer communities dominated by lodgepole pine that are less than 50 years old and end with a climax community dominated by western hemlock, averaging 400 years old [75,76]:

Gradient segments I
(dominated by lodgepole pine) II
(dominated by Engelmann spruce) III
(dominated by western hemlock) IV
(dominated by western redcedar/western hemlock) V
(dominated by western hemlock) VI
(dominated by western hemlock) Frequency (%) 7.0 26.7 3.5 2.5 4.3 0.3

Oregon-grape was a pioneer species following the Tillamook Fires in northwestern Oregon, which burned a total of 355,000 acres (143,663 ha) over 20 years. Before the burns, the forests were dominated by Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and western hemlock at medium to high elevations, and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) at lower elevations [120].

On some site types, Oregon-grape is considered seral. Oregon-grape occurs in seral communities of Douglas-fir habitat types in central Idaho [48,187], ponderosa pine communities in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho [77], Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)/roughleaf ricegrass habitat in the northern Great Plains, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) -subalpine fir forests in northwest Wyoming [26] and quaking aspen woodlands in the West [5,6,44,81,82,136,136,137,176,220]. Oregon-grape occurs in late-seral stages in riparian areas of Zion National Park [84].

After disturbances in a ponderosa pine/common juniper habitat type in the Custer National Forest within the Missouri Plateau of Montana, Oregon-grape quickly invaded, but decreased with time and lack of disturbance [81].

Oregon-grape occurs as a climax understory dominant in the following habitats: Douglas-fir [7,48,64,80,91,113,126,168,185,186,187,187,203], grand fir [64,65,77,168,186,186], western redcedar and western hemlock forests [77,168], subalpine fir [5,44,144,185,185,219], ponderosa pine forests [116,167,168,180,200], white fir [4,7,57,69,113,125,126,138,219], quaking aspen [5,6,44,81,82,136,136,176,220], lodgepole pine [126], and blue spruce [57,126,180,219].

References:

4. Alexander, Billy G., Jr.; Fitzhugh, E. Lee; Ronco, Frank, Jr.; Ludwig, John A. 1987. A classification of forest habitat types of the northern portion of the Cibola National Forest, New Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-143. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p. [4207]
5. Alexander, Robert R. 1986. Classification of the forest vegetation of Wyoming. Res. Note RM-466. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. [304]
6. Alexander, Robert R. 1987. Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type. Res. Note RM-478. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p. [9092]
7. Alexander, Robert R.; Ronco, Frank, Jr. 1987. Classification of the forest vegetation on the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico. Res. Note RM-469. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. [3515]
9. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
11. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1984. Fire intensity effects on the understory in ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Range Management. 37(1): 44-48. [6618]
26. Barmore, William J., Jr.; Taylor, Dale; Hayden, Peter. 1976. Ecological effects and biotic succession following the 1974 Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park. Research Progress Report 1974-1975. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 99 p. [16109]
30. Barth, Richard C. 1970. Revegetation after a subalpine wildfire. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University. 142 p. Thesis. [12458]
33. Blaisdell, James P. 1953. Ecological effects of planned burning of sagebrush-grass range on the upper Snake River Plains. Tech. Bull. 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p. [462]
44. Collins, Ellen I. 1984. Preliminary classification of Wyoming plant communities. Cheyenne, WY: Wyoming Natural Heritage Program/The Nature Conservancy. 42 p. [661]
48. Crane, M. F.; Fischer, William C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 85 p. [5297]
57. Fechner, Gilbert H. 1985. Silvical characteristics of blue spruce. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-117. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 19 p. [7478]
64. Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1991. Natural regeneration microsites for Douglas-fir in central Idaho. In: Baumgartner, David M.; Lotan, James E., compilers. Interior Douglas-fir: The species and its management: Symposium proceedings; 1991 February 27 - March 1; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 247-254. [18299]
65. Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1994. Natural regeneration in two central Idaho grand fir habitat types. Res. Pap. INT-472. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 18 p. [25500]
69. Gottfried, Gerald J. 1992. Growth and development in an old-growth Arizona mixed conifer stand following initial harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management. 54: 1-26. [20231]
75. Habeck, James R. 1968. Forest succession in the Glacier Park cedar-hemlock forests. Ecology. 49(5): 872-880. [6479]
76. Habeck, James R. 1970. Fire ecology investigations in Glacier National Park: Historical considerations and current observations. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, Department of Botany. 80 p. [6712]
77. Habeck, James R. 1976. Forests, fuels, and fire in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 305-353. [8185]
80. Hann, Wendel John. 1982. A taxonomy for classification of seral vegetation of selected habitat types in western Montana. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 235 p. Dissertation. [1073]
81. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R. 1988. The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-157. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. [771]
82. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R.; Steinauer, Gerry A. 1984. Upland forest and woodland habitat types of the Missouri Plateau, Great Plains Province. In: Noble, Daniel L.; Winokur, Robert P., eds. Wooded draws: characteristics and values for the Northern Great Plains: Symposium proceedings; 1984 June 12-13; Rapid City, SD. Great Plains Agricultural Council Publ. No. 111. Rapid City, SD: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Biology Department: 15-26. [1078]
84. Harper, K. T.; Sanderson, S. C.; McArthur, E. D. 1992. Riparian ecology in Zion National Park, Utah. In: Clary, Warren P.; McArthur, E. Durant; Bedunah, Don; Wambolt, Carl L., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities; 1991 May 29-31; Sun Valley, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 32-42. [19092]
91. Hoffman, George R.; Alexander, Robert R. 1976. Forest vegetation of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-170. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 38 p. [1180]
95. Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr. 1998. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-06-98. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 128 p. (+ appendices). [30061]
112. Larson, Frederic R.; Wolters, Gale L. 1983. Overstory-understory relationships: mixed conifer forests. In: Bartlett, E. T.; Betters, David R., eds. Overstory-understory relationships in western forests. Western Regional Res. Publ. No. 1. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station: 21-25. [3313]
113. Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. 2d ed. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 90 p. [8947]
116. Lee, Lyndon C.; Pfister, Robert D. 1978. A training manual for Montana forest habitat types. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 142 p. [1434]
120. Lowry, G. L.; Youngberg, C. T. 1955. The effect of certain site and soil factors on the establishment of Douglas-fir on the Tillamook Burn. Soil Science of America. 19(3): 378-380. [41398]
125. Mathiasen, Robert L.; Blake, Elizabeth; Edminster, Carleton B. 1987. Estimates of site potential for ponderosa pine based on site index for several Southwestern habitat types. The Great Basin Naturalist. 47(3): 467-472. [5216]
126. Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p. [1553]
133. Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Shrubs of other families. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 598-698. [52846]
136. Mueggler, W. F. 1985. Vegetation associations. In: DeByle, Norbert V.; Winokur, Robert P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 45-55. [11907]
137. Mueggler, Walter F. 1987. Status of aspen woodlands in the West. In: Pendleton, Beth Giron,, ed. Proceedings of the western raptor management symposium and workshop; 1987 October 26-28; Boise, ID. Scientific and Technical Series No. 12. Washington, DC. National Wildlife Federation: 32-37. [19146]
138. Muldavin, Esteban H.; De Velice, Robert L.; Ronco, Frank, Jr. 1996. A classification of forest habitat types: southern Arizona and portions of the Colorado Plateau. RM-GTR-287. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 130. [27968]
151. Pase, Charles P.; Hurd, Richard M. 1958. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover and litter produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. In: Proceedings, annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters; 1957 November 10-13; Syracuse, NY. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 156-158. [10540]
160. Rapp, Valerie. 2003. New findings about old-growth forests. PNW Science Update. Issue No. 4. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 11 p. [45465]
168. Ross, Robert L.; Hunter, Harold E. 1976. Climax vegetation of Montana: Based on soils and climate. Bozeman, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 64 p. [2028]
175. Selmants, Paul C.; Knight, Dennis H. 2003. Understory plant species composition 30-50 years after clearcutting in southeastern Wyoming coniferous forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 185: 275-289. [46096]
176. Severson, Kieth E.; Thilenius, John F. 1976. Classification of quaking aspen stands in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains. Res. Pap. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p. [2111]
180. Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 142 p. [27992]
183. Stark, N. 1980. Light burning and the nutrient value of forage. Res. Note INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p. [2223]
184. Steele, Robert W.; Stark, Nellie. 1977. Understory burning in larch/Douglas-fir forests as a management tool. Western Wildlands. 4(1): 25-29. [18761]
186. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1989. The grand fir/mountain maple habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Review draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 148 p. [8435]
187. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1995. Major Douglas-fir habitat types of central Idaho: a summary of succession and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-331. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 23 p. [26587]
200. Thilenius, John F. 1972. Classification of deer habitat in the ponderosa pine forest of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Res. Pap. RM-91. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 28 p. [2317]
203. Tisdale, E. W.; McLean, A. 1957. The Douglas-fir zone of southern interior British Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 27(3): 247-266. [8866]
204. Toth, Barbara L. 1991. Factors affecting conifer regeneration and community structure after a wildfire in western Montana. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 124 p. Thesis. [14425]
218. Wittinger, W. T.; Pengelly, W. L.; Irwin, L. L.; Peek, J. M. 1977. A 20-year record of shrub succession in logged areas in the cedar-hemlock zone of northern Idaho. Northwest Science. 51(3): 161-171. [6828]
219. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Mauk, Ronald L. 1985. Coniferous forest habitat types of central and southern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 89 p. [2684]
220. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Mueggler, Walter F. 1981. Aspen community types on the Bridger-Teton National Forest in western Wyoming. Res. Pap. INT-272. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 34 p. [2685]
12. Armour, Charles D.; Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F. [n.d.]. The effect of fire intensity on understory vegetational development. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 17 p. [30855]
15. Arno, Stephen F. 1999. Undergrowth response, shelterwood cutting unit. In: Smith, Helen Y., Arno, Stephen F., eds. Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 36-37. [+ Appendix C: Summary of vegetation changes in shelterwood cutting unit]. [38264]
54. Doyle, Kathleen M.; Knight, Dennis H.; Taylor, Dale L.; [and others]. 1998. Seventeen years of forest succession following the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 8(1): 45-55. [29072]
144. Nevada Natural Heritage Program. 2003. National vegetation classification for Nevada [NVC], [Online]. Carson City, NV: Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Producer). Available: http://heritage.nv.gov/ecology/nv_nvc.htm [2005, November 3]. [55021]
167. Roberts, David W.; Sibbernsen, John I. [n.d.]. Forest habitat types of the Little Rocky Mountains. Report prepared for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Lab. Order No. 6055-0100430. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 60 p. [29856]
185. Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; [and others]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. [2230]
199. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; [and others], eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]
217. West, Neil E.; Madany, Michael H. 1981. Fire history of the Horse Pasture Plateau, Zion National Park. Final report: Contract No. CX-1200-9-BO48; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Submitted to Utah State University]. 221 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16796]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Regeneration Processes

More info for the terms: cover, density, layering, monoecious

Oregon-grape reproduces both sexually and vegetatively.

Pollination: Oregon-grape is pollinated by bees and butterflies. If cross-pollination does not occur, self-pollination may occur, frequently producing no fruits [135].

Breeding system: Oregon-grape is monoecious.

Seed production: Good fruit crops are produced almost annually from cross-pollinated plants [135].

Seed dispersal: Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals [22,169].

Seed banking: Regeneration from seed banks is common [35,78]. Seed banking of Oregon-grape has not been studied in the field; however, seeds are viable for many years under warehouse conditions. Plummer and others [156] claim that Oregon-grape seeds can be stored up to 5 years with good viability; Jorgensen and Stevens [96] claim that seeds can be kept under uncontrolled warehouse conditions for 13 or more years with good viability and or 16 or more years of dry storage without a great loss in viability [192]. Oregon-grape had a germination rate of 25% for freshly collected seed and decreased to 23% germination after 13 years in an open warehouse, showing no great change in germination percentage [192].

Soils were sampled in mature Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple, and grand fir/globe huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare) habitat types on the Payette and Boise National Forests in west central Idaho for viable Oregon-grape seeds. In samples covering a total area of 2.28 mÂ², 13 viable Oregon-grape seeds were found-10 seeds in the 0 to 2.0 inch (0-5 cm) layer and 3 seeds in the 2.0 to 3.9 inch (5-10 cm) layer [103].

Germination: Oregon-grape requires stratification. In the laboratory, Oregon-grape is considered a "medium germinator" [96] but is considered a "poor" germinator when planted on game ranges of Utah [156]. According to Jorgensen and Stevens [96], Oregon-grape seeds require cold stratification from 1 to 3 months. Plummer and others [156] claim that seeds can require up to 196 days cold stratification to stimulate germination.

Seedling establishment/growth: Growth of Oregon-grape is rapid after a disturbance but is slow when considered over the life of a forest stand [199]. Individual stems can live for 10 years or more [61]. As the overstory increases in density or cover, the establishment and growth of Oregon-grape generally diminish due to lack of sunlight [112,151,199]; however, in a ponderosa pine habitat in the Fort Lewis National Forest in Colorado, the percent ground cover of Oregon-grape increased as the density of trees increased. This was probably due to the affinity of Oregon-grape to acid soils created by the ponderosa pine needles [143].

Survival measurements and "vigor" estimates were made on Oregon-grape plants planted on road cut and fill slopes on 3 National Forests in eastern Washington. The survival of Oregon-grape was generally low and vigor was fair to poor on all sites [201].

Asexual regeneration: Oregon-grape regenerates by rhizomes [133,135,147,190] and layering [34,96,133].

References:

22. Auger, Janene; Meyer, Susan E.; Black, Hal L. 2002. Are American black bears (Ursus americanus) legitimate seed dispersers for fleshy-fruited shrubs. American Midland Naturalist. 147: 352-367. [42185]
34. Borland, Jim. 1990. Mahonia repens. American Nurseryman. 172(3): 106. [54320]
35. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]
61. Francis, John K. 2004. Mahonia repens. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, and Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 464-466. [52196]
78. Habeck, James R. 1984. Effects of fire on the flora of the northern Rocky Mountains. Unpublished handout included as part of the 1984 Managing Fire Effects Course, Northern Training Center, Interagency Training Group, Missoula MT. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 21 p. [41835]
96. Jorgensen, Kent R.; Stevens, Richard. 2004. Seed collection, cleaning, and storage. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-3. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 699-716. [42398]
103. Kramer, Neal B.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1987. Mature forest seed banks of three habitat types in central Idaho. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 1961-1966. [3961]
112. Larson, Frederic R.; Wolters, Gale L. 1983. Overstory-understory relationships: mixed conifer forests. In: Bartlett, E. T.; Betters, David R., eds. Overstory-understory relationships in western forests. Western Regional Res. Publ. No. 1. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station: 21-25. [3313]
133. Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Shrubs of other families. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 598-698. [52846]
135. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
143. Nemati, Nasser; Goetz, Harold. 1995. Relationships of overstory to understory cover variables in a Ponderosa pine. Vegetatio. 119(1): 15-21. [54009]
147. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]
151. Pase, Charles P.; Hurd, Richard M. 1958. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover and litter produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. In: Proceedings, annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters; 1957 November 10-13; Syracuse, NY. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 156-158. [10540]
156. Plummer, A. Perry; Christensen, Donald R.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1968. Restoring big-game range in Utah. Publ. No. 68-3. Ephraim, UT: Utah Division of Fish and Game. 183 p. [4554]
169. Rudolf, Paul O. 1974. Berberis L. barberry, mahonia. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 247-251. [7423]
190. Steffey, Jane. 1985. Strange relatives: the barberry family. American Horticulturalist. 64(4): 4-9. [10354]
192. Stevens, Richard; Jorgensen, Kent R. 1994. Rangeland species germination through 25 and up to 40 years of warehouse storage. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., comps. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 257-265. [24292]
201. Tiedemann, Arthur R.; Klock, Glen O.; Mason, Lee L.; Sears, Donald E. 1976. Shrub plantings for erosion control in eastern Washington--progress and research needs. Research Note PNW-279. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p. [38628]
199. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; [and others], eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]

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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, geophyte

RAUNKIAER [161] LIFE FORM:
Chamaephyte
Geophyte

References:

161. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Life Form

More info for the term: shrub

Shrub

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Berries and leaves are browsed by ungulates and rodents (Tilford 1998). Also, provides significant forage for the white-footed vole in coastal Oregon (Vance et al. in press). This plant aerates and stabilizes soils.

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NatureServe

Cyclicity

Phenology

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the term: phenology

Oregon-grape flowers from early spring to mid-summer. Flower development likely depends on climate and site conditions:

Arizona April-June Idaho March-July Nevada March-June New Mexico April-June Uinta Basin May-June

The fruit of Oregon-grape ripens from June to September in Utah [156] and June in the Great Plains [71].

Schmidt and Lotan [173] provide phenological data on Oregon-grape east of the Continental Divide in Montana and Yellowstone National Park, and in northern Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide. The growing season for Oregon-grape generally begins earlier west of the Continental Divide. The table below presents the phenology of Oregon-grape based on observations from 1928 to 1937 [173]:

East of the Continental Divide in Montana and Yellowstone National Park leaf buds burst leaves full grown flowers start flowers end fruits ripe seeds fall starts leaves start to color/wither leaves begin to fall leaves fallen withered average date May 6 June 12 May 28 June 22 Aug. 11 Aug. 9 Sep. 8 Sep. 20 Oct. 15 earliest date Apr. 20 May 15 Apr. 28 May 15 June 23 July 16 Aug. 25 Sep. 17 Oct. 10 latest date May 30 June 28 July 4 Aug.2 Sep. 15 Sep. 1 Sep. 15 Sep. 24 Oct. 18 standard error (days) 2 2 3 4 4 6 4 2 2 number of observations 25 24 32 31 22 7 5 4 4 Northern Idaho and west of the Continental Divide in Montana leaf buds burst leaves full grown flowers start flowers end fruits ripe seeds fall starts leaves start to color/wither leaves begin to fall leaves fallen withered average date May 2 May 24 May 6 May 29 Aug. 2 Aug. 12 Sep.27 ---- ---- earliest date Mar. 20 Apr. 11 Mar. 20 Apr. 15 June 21 July 16 Sep. 24 ---- ---- latest date May 28 July1 May 28 June 16 Sep. 1 Sep. 14 Oct. 1 ---- ---- standard error (days) 4 4 3 3 3 6 2 ---- ---- number of observations 23 28 29 30 30 8 3 ---- ----

References:

71. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
156. Plummer, A. Perry; Christensen, Donald R.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1968. Restoring big-game range in Utah. Publ. No. 68-3. Ephraim, UT: Utah Division of Fish and Game. 183 p. [4554]
173. Schmidt, Wyman C.; Lotan, James E. 1980. Phenology of common forest flora of the northern Rockies--1928 to 1937. Res. Pap. INT-259. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 20 p. [2082]

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Flowering/Fruiting

Flowering spring (Apr-Jun).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Flowering/Fruiting

Flowering winter-spring (Mar-May).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Flowering/Fruiting

Flowering spring (Apr-May).

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Berberis repens

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Barcode of Life Data Systems

Conservation Status

Oregon-grape is imperiled in North Dakota [146].

References:

146. North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department, North Dakota Natural Heritage Program. 2000. North Dakota Natural Heritage Inventory: Nature Preserves Program: Rare plants list 2000. Bismark, ND: Natural Heritage Program. 8 p. [35591]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure

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NatureServe

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

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NatureServe

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Reasons: Mahonia repens is widely distributed from western Canada south to California and east to Texas and North Dakota. It is reportedly abundant throughout its range and common in second-growth forests. Closely related Mahonia species are collected for medicinal use, however Mahonia repens is not currently in demand. Trends in demand and future impacts on wild populations should be monitored, since relatively less is known about threats to this species as compared to other economic plants in this genus.

Management considerations

More info for the terms: basal area, cover, density, frequency, resistance, wildfire

Recreation: In recreation areas of Montana, Oregon-grape showed moderate
resistance to trampling by humans due to stout stems and branches. Short-term
recovery for Oregon-grape in trampled areas was very low to low, but long-term recovery
was high [43].

Herbicide treatment and browsing:
Oregon-grape neither increased nor decreased after herbicide treatment with
picloram and clopyralid [162].
In a Gambel oak habitat on the Grand Mesa National Forest, Colorado, the percentage of cover for
Oregon-grape decreased slightly 2 years after
spraying with 2,4-5T (now banned by the EPA) [209] and increased slightly after chaining [105].
Following browsing by domestic goats in a Gambel oak habitat in northern
Utah, Oregon-grape increased [163].
Wildlife management:
A study by Pase and Hurd [151] was conducted to
determine the effects of silvicultural thinning on understory vegetation in
ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains in Wyoming.
Oregon-grape responded favorably to increased and decreased basal area of the
ponderosa pine stands. This was due to Oregon-grape's tolerance to full sun
and shade. The increase in Oregon-grape provided forage for deer in winter [151].
Silviculture:
In a subalpine forest in Colorado, the percent cover of
Oregon-grape decreased 3 years after clearcutting and returned to prelogging percent cover 4 years
after clearcutting [49].
The mean percent cover of Oregon-grape was higher in 50-year-old clearcut forests of
lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir compared to adjacent mature
stands of lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir in
southeastern Wyoming [175].
Following a 4,000 acre (1,619 ha) wildfire in 1968 in a ponderosa pine-mixed fir habitat
in Oregon, the effects of rehabilitation by seeding versus nonseeding were
studied by Anderson and Brooks [10]. The percent ground cover of
Oregon-grape was greater on the unseeded area than the seeded
area of the pine-mixed fir site, indicating that it may have been suppressed by
the seeded grasses [10]:
Year1969197019711972Unseeded1427Seededtrace00trace
Slash burning of debris in Douglas-fir/grand fir habitat of northern Idaho
favors early establishment of Oregon-grape, which is a preferred forage species
for deer [155].
Other:
Oregon-grape is an alternate host of black stem rust of cereals [100,135,213].

Oregon-grape is resistant to sulfur dioxide pollutants generated from coal-fired power
plants in southwest desert areas of the U.S. [89].
Fires of low intensity (surface soil <138Â° F(59Â°
C)) do not improve the nutrient quality of Oregon-grape browse; however, sprouting may be stimulated
[17].
The influence of prescribed understory burning
and livestock grazing on community structure was studied by Zimmerman [222] in
Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat on
the East Hatter Creek portion of the University of Idaho Experimental
Forest in northern Idaho. The density, cover, and frequency
of Oregon-grape were studied the 1st postfire year. Oregon-grape was most
abundant in the grazed, unburned areas [222]:
GrazedUngrazed BurnedUnburnedBurnedUnburnedDensity (plants/ha)0.04766.71633.41100.0Cover (%)0.02.10.50.8Frequency (%)01139

References:

17. Arno, Stephen F.; Fischer, William C. 1995. Larix occidentalis--fire ecology and fire management. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 130-135. [25293]
100. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
135. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
151. Pase, Charles P.; Hurd, Richard M. 1958. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover and litter produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. In: Proceedings, annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters; 1957 November 10-13; Syracuse, NY. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 156-158. [10540]
175. Selmants, Paul C.; Knight, Dennis H. 2003. Understory plant species composition 30-50 years after clearcutting in southeastern Wyoming coniferous forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 185: 275-289. [46096]
213. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 347 p. [4837]
10. Anderson, E. William; Brooks, Lee E. 1975. Reducing erosion hazard on a burned forest in Oregon by seeding. Journal of Range Management. 28(5): 394-398. [12807]
43. Cole, David N. 1988. Disturbance and recovery of trampled montane grassland and forests in Montana. Res. Pap. INT-389. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 37 p. [3622]
49. Crouch, Glenn L. 1985. Effects of clearcutting a subalpine forest in central Colorado on wildlife habitat. Res. Pap. RM-258. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [8225]
89. Hill, A. Clyde; Hill, Steven; Lamb, Connie; Barrett, Thomas W. 1974. Sensitivity of native desert vegetation to SO2 and to SO2 and NO2 combined. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 24(2): 153-157. [54092]
105. Kufeld, Roland C.; Stewart, Larry. 1975. Experimental improvement of oakbrush on deer, elk and cattle ranges - Hightower Mountain. Project No. W-101-R-17: Game Range Investigations. Work Plan No. 4: Job No. 3. Job Progress Report: April 1, 1974 through March 31, 1975. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Fish and Game: 25-92. [16427]
155. Pengelly, W. Leslie. 1963. Timberlands and deer in the northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 61: 734-740. [175]
162. Rice, P. M.; Toney, J. C. 1996. Plant population responses to broadcast herbicide applications for spotted knapweed control. Down to Earth. 51(2): 14-19. [27754]
163. Riggs, Robert A.; Urness, Philip J. 1989. Effects of goat browsing on Gambel oak communities in northern Utah. Journal of Range Management. 42(5): 354-360. [9299]
222. Zimmerman, Gordon Thomas. 1979. Livestock grazing, fire, and their interactions within the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type of northern Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 145 p. Thesis. [6724]
209. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. UN PIC (Prior Informed Consent) and U.S. PIC-nominated pesticides list, [Online]. In: Pesticides--Restricted and canceled uses. Environmental Protection Agency (Producer). Available: http://ww.epa.gov/oppfed1/international/piclist.htm [2005, December 19]. [55742]

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