Ocean sunfish have two larval stages. Larvae in the first tetradon-like stage are round and spines protrude from the edges of their body. They have a well-developed tail and caudal fin (Bass et al., 2005; Muus, 1964) During the second larval stage, the tail is completely absorbed and spines disappear (Bass et al., 2005). Larvae generally measure about 0.25 cm in length (Pope et al., 2010). Juvenile ocean sunfish grow at an considerable rate, averaging 0.02 to 0.42 kg/day and sometimes reaching 0.82 kg/day (Pope et al., 2010).

Little is known regarding methods of communication and perception of ocean sunfish.

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

Feeds on fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, jellyfish, crustaceans and brittle stars

Sims et al. (2009) used a fast-acquisition global positioning system (Fastloc GPS) tag with remote data retrieval to track long-term movements of three Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) captured and tagged off southern Portugal. This allowed tracking in near real time with position accuracy of <70 m. These fish are known to dive to depths of at least 472 m and can often remain at deep depths for long periods, only returning occasionally, and then often only briefly, to the surface.

Mola mola (ocean sunfish) preys on:
Copepoda

Based on studies in:
unknown (epipelagic zone, Tropical)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

Mola mola (ocean sunfish) is prey of:
Chondrichthyes

Based on studies in:
unknown (epipelagic zone, Tropical)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

Ocean sunfish are often preyed upon by large sharks and California sea lions (Cartamil and Lowe, 2004). They may dive below the thermocline to avoid predators (Cartamil and Lowe, 2004). Ocean sunfish are also occassionally hunted by humans.

Known Predators:

Ocean sunfish are considered to have strategic top-down control of jellyfish populations. They may also have a direct influence on the incidence and occurrence of jellyfish blooms (Liu et al., 2009).

Ecosystem Impact: keystone species

Fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, jellyfish, crustaceans, and brittle stars.

The fish is found on slopes adjacent to deep water. The fish comes in for shelter and for seeking cleaner fishes. The fish is usually shy. However, it may become familiar with divers in some locations (Ref. 48637). The species often drifts at the surface while lying on its side. It swims upright and close to the surface. The dorsal fin often protruds above the water. The species has been filmed in 480 m depth with the help of a camera equipped with baits(Lis Maclaren, pers. Comm. 2005). The species eats fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, jellyfish, crustaceans and brittle stars (Ref.