Eschrichtius robustus

The gray whale makes the longest migration of any mammal known, each autumn and spring they pass between their Arctic summer feeding grounds and the warm lagoons near the equator where females give birth (5). This yearly round-trip may entail individuals travelling up to 20,400 kilometres (2). Sexual activity can occur at any time of the year, but tends to be concentrated on the migration south (5). Little is known about the mating strategies of this species, but various numbers of individuals can be involved (5). The breeding cycle last two years: gestation takes about 13 months and the single calf is then suckled for a further seven months (5). At birth the calf is smooth compared to the encrusted adults and lacks sufficient blubber that would allow it to survive in Arctic waters (2). The mother may have to hold the calf near the surface to help it to breathe during the first few hours after birth (2). This species is the only cetacean to feed by straining the sediment on the sea floor (5). Individuals roll onto their sides after diving to the bottom and take large amounts of sediment into their mouth. As the whale rises to the surface it strains the contents of the mouth through the baleen, leaving a trail of mud and sand behind it. The invertebrate prey consisting of bottom-dwelling crustaceans, worms and molluscs is isolated in this way and swallowed (5). A number of seabirds are attracted to feeding gray whales, and take advantage of invertebrates that escape the filtering process (2). Sufficient fat reserves are stored in the feeding grounds to allow individuals to go without food during the breeding season; on return to the feeding grounds about a third of the body weight may have been lost (5). Killer whales are the only non-human predator of the gray whale. Attacks directed towards calves have been observed; adult gray whales often try to position themselves between the killer whales and the calf in order to protect it, and they may also head for shallow waters and kelp beds to take refuge from the attackers (2).

"Gray whales are bottom feeders. They roll to one side and lower the lip to scour and siphon the bottom for tiny crustaceans, especially amphipods known as ""sand fleas."" They have small, thick, widely-placed baleen plates for screening food from the water. Now found only in the North Pacific, records and bony remains suggest they once lived in waters off the eastern seaboard of the United States and across the Atlantic near England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Known as long distance travelers, they migrate north along the West Coast for the summer, and south again for the winter, where they calve in the shallows off Baja California. In 1994 the gray whale was removed from the endangered species list. Estimated population size in 1988 was about 21,000 individuals, and growing. Killer whales are the only animals known to attack them."

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A giant of the ocean, the gray whale is mottled dark to light grey in colour and is encrusted with patches of barnacles and whale lice (4). The species lacks a dorsal fin and instead has a series of bumps along a dorsal ridge on the final third of the back (2). There are two deep grooves on the throat, which allow the mouth to expand when feeding, and the baleen, which is used to filter food, is cream-white in colour. When surfacing, the 'blow' produced is distinctly bushy, short and forked, or 'heart-shaped', as it comes from two blowholes (2) (5). Females tend to be larger than males but otherwise the two sexes are similar in appearance (5). Whalers referred to gray whales as 'devilfish', due to the ferocity of mothers when separated from their calves (4) (5).

Grey Whale: A long-range migrant of the North Pacific and Amerasian Arctic

Mottled gray; No dorsal fin, but a low hump followed by a series bumps (knuckles) on dorsal ridge of tail stock

The western gray whale summers in the OkhotskSea, mainly off the northeastern coast of SakhalinIsland (Russian Federation). There are also occasional sightings off the eastern coast of Kamchatka (Russian Federation) and in other coastal waters of the northern OkhotskSea (Vladimirov 1994, Weller et al. 1999). Its migration routes and wintering grounds are poorly known, the only recent information being from occasional records on both the eastern and western coasts of Japan (Kato et al. 2006) and along the Chinese coast (Zhu and Yue 1998). Until 1966, there was a whaling ground off Ulsan (southeastern KoreaPeninsula), where whales were taken during November to April, with two peaks (in December/January and March/April), suggestive of south- and northbound migrations respectively through the Sea of Japan (Kato and Kasuya 2002). However, no gray whales have been recorded in the Korean whaling grounds since 1968. The great majority of recent Japanese records are on the Pacific side, suggesting that this is now the more important migration route. The few modern records from China are scattered along virtually the entire Chinese coast from the northern Yellow Sea to the HainanStrait in the south (Zhu and Yue 1998). The calving grounds are unknown but may be around HainanIsland, this being the southwestern end of the known range (Brownell and Chun 1977).

Gray whales occur in the eastern and western north Pacific. Eastern north Pacific gray whales use shallow arctic feeding grounds during the summer, which are located in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. During the fall, they migrate south along the west coast of North America to their winter calving grounds, located in the warm waters off coast of Baja California. Four specific locations have been identified as important calving grounds for eastern gray whales: Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Guerrero Negro, Bahia Magdalena, and Laguna San Ignacio. Eastern gray whales are often seen during migration, off the western shores of the United States and British Colombia. During the return migration in the spring, a small population of about 80 individuals remains in more southerly Canadian waters. Relative to their eastern counterparts, western Pacific gray whales are poorly understood and are often referred to as the Korean, Western Pacific, or Okhotsk Sea stock. Their feeding grounds extend from the Okhotsk Sea, south along the east coast of Russia to the southern tip of south Korea. During the fall, they likely migrate to the South China Sea to give birth to young in sheltered lagoons and bays along the southern Chinese coast. However, this has not been well documented, as fewer studies have focused on this population.

A third north Atlantic gray whale population existed as recently as the 1700's and was described by whalers and colonists in North America, Iceland, Great Britain and Scandinavia. They have since been extirpated from the north Atlantic, likely due to over-hunting by whalers along with other anthropogenic influences (e.g., coastal development in their former calving grounds).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental ; arctic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

East Pacific, Indo-West Pacific

Arctic Ocean, European waters (ERMS scope), Gulf of Maine, North Pacific, North West Atlantic

occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Non-breeding

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Global Range: (20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)) Range includes coastal waters of the North Pacific. Most gray whales are in the Bering and Chukchi seas in summer (some occur then off northern Alaska, the Siberian coast, and southward along the coast to British Columbia and northern California). In winter, they occur in coastal waters off Baja California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Primary birthing areas are Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon), Laguna Guerrero Negro, Laguna San Ignacio, and Estero Soledad, Mexico (IUCN 1991). This species has been extirpated in the Atlantic (last seen about 1750; Rice 1998, Nowak 1991). A small population exists in the western Pacific (Okhotsk Sea in summer to South Korean coast in winter) (Weller et al. 1999).

Historic Range:
North Pacific Ocean--coastal and Bering Sea, formerly North Atlantic Ocean

There are two main stocks of the gray whale; one occurs along the east Pacific coast from Baja California to the Bering and Chukchi seas, the other occurs in the west Pacific from South Korea to the Okhotsk Sea (2). The gray whale once also occurred in the Atlantic Ocean, but became extinct here in the late 17th to early 18th century (5).

Gray whales have mottled gray backs, a trait shared among several mysticete species. They are often hosts to dense infestations of skin parasites (e.g., barnacles and orange whale lice) that give their skin a rough and patchy appearance. In gray whales, these parasites often cover the entire body, however, in other baleen whales (right whales, Eubalaena australis and humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae), infestations are limited to specific areas of the body. Gray whale calves weigh between 500 kg and 600 kg at birth and are about 4.6 m in length. Adult females are slightly larger than males and are between 11.7 m and 15.2 m. Males are between 11.1 m and 14.3 m in length. Gray whales can weigh as much as 36,000 kg.

Unlike humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), with which they are commonly confused, gray whales do not have dorsal fins. Rather, they have a large hump at the anterior end of the tail stock, followed by 7 to 15 knobs or knuckles of decreasing size. Gray whales have small, paddle-shaped flippers, compared to the large white flippers of humpback whales. The caudal fin has 2 wide, gray flukes separated by a deep notch. Their upper jaw extends past the lower jaw, and they have 2 to 5 throat pleats, which allow the mouth and throat to expand while feeding. Adults have 130 to 180 cream-colored baleen plates that are 5 to 25 cm in length.

Range mass: 36000 (high) kg.

Range length: 11.1 to 15.2 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Length: 1410 cm

Weight: 3.3E7 grams

Length:
Range: 11.1-14.3 m males; 11.7-15 m females

Weight:
Range: 15,700-33,800 kg

Differs from other large sympatric whales that lack a dorsal fin or have only a low one (right, bowhead, and sperm whales) by having mottled gray coloration and the series of bumps on the tail stock; lacks the knobs on the head, ventral grooves, and the very long flippers of the humpback whale (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983).

Habitat and Ecology

Systems

• Marine

Gray whales feed in shallow coastal waters with muddy or sandy bottoms. They are migratory and rely on a variety of coastal habitats. During summer, they stay in waters of up to 60 m in depth and within 0.5 km to 166 km of shore. During fall, eastern gray whales migrate along the west coast of North America and spend winter in waters of less than 4 m in depth. These waters tend to be hyper-saline and are between 15 and 20 degrees C. Winter calving grounds usually have muddy or sandy bottoms and may contain eelgrass beds or be adjacent to mangrove swamps.

Range depth: < 4 to 60 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; polar ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

often found within a kilometre of the coastal shore

strongly coastal

Depth range based on 1703 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 236 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 0
  Temperature range (°C): 3.011 - 21.311
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.081 - 8.579
  Salinity (PPS): 30.381 - 34.228
  Oxygen (ml/l): 5.074 - 7.732
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.330 - 1.092
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 22.454

Graphical representation

Temperature range (°C): 3.011 - 21.311

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.081 - 8.579

Salinity (PPS): 30.381 - 34.228

Oxygen (ml/l): 5.074 - 7.732

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.330 - 1.092

Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 22.454
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

Habitat Type: Marine

Comments: Gray whales are seen mostly in coastal and shallow shelf waters. Young are born in lagoons and bays.

Shelf & coastal, North Pacific to Chukchi & Beaufort Seas; Migratory: most animals winter in Baja California where calves are born

This whale typically occurs in coastal waters no deeper than 100 metres (2). The eastern Pacific stock migrates annually from Arctic feeding grounds to breed in Mexican waters, whilst the western Pacific stock migrates along the east coast of Russia (6).

Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

The eastern North Pacific stock migrates northward to summer range in February-May, led by newly pregnant females. The southward migration (November-January), led by pregnant females, passes through Unimak Pass, Alaska, and for most individuals ends in the Mexican winter range. The southward migration is more concentrated and closer to shore than is the northward migration. Roundtrip migration is up to about 18,000 kilometers. Small numbers spend the summer along the west coast of North America, from California north (Rice, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).

The western Pacific stock migrates south from western and northern Sea of Okhotsk to the southern coast of China (Rice, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).

Gray whales are mysticetes (i.e., filter feeders) and are the only large cetacean known primarily as bottom feeders. They feed in shallow water with muddy or sandy bottoms or in kelp beds. To feed, they dive to the ocean floor and fill their mouths with a large volume of sediment. They force the sediment through their baleen plates, which trap a wide variety of crustaceans (Crustacea) including amphipods (Amphipoda) and ghost shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis), as well as polychaete worms (Polychaeta), herring eggs (Clupea pallasii) and various forms of larvae. Food items are scraped off baleen plates with their large tongue and ingested.

Gray whales are considered opportunistic feeders and use group feeding strategies on schools of small fish during their southern migration. During feeding episodes, three to four whales corral a school of fish, as a single whale swims up through the school with its mouth agape. The head of the feeding whale emerges out of the water and remains in this position for up to a few minutes. Each whale in the group repeats this process until the school of fish has been significantly depleted.

Animal Foods: fish; eggs; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; cnidarians; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Vermivore, Eats other marine invertebrates)

Comments: In the southern Chukchi Sea and northern Bering Sea, gray whales eat mainly tube-dwelling gammaridean amphipods; also various other small bottom invertebrates in small quantity. In the southern Bering Sea along the eastern Alaska Peninsula and adjacent Alaskan mainland, shrimp and mysids are the major prey. In Puget Sound, the whales feed on epibenthic ghost shrimp in littoral sand flats (Weitkamp et al. 1992). Elsewhere feeding is less common and prey may include swarms of amphipods, cumaceans, mysids, and infaunal polychaetes.

Gray whales employ a feeding technique not used by other large whales. While swimming forward and rolling to one side they run the head along the bottom and filter small invertebrates from the mud-water interface. They also may ingest invertebrates associated with masses of algae that are scraped through the mouth.

Only whale capable of benthic feeding; also feeds on epi-benthic and planktonic organisms; Wide range of prey including amphipods, cumaceans and other crustaceans, worms; little feeding occurs in the wintering grounds

Gray whales are hosts to many endo- and ecto-parasites, including barnacles and whale lice. They are major predators of benthic amphipods (Amphipoda) and other marine invertebrates, including ghost shrimp (Palaemonetes). It is not known if gray whales contribute a significant degree of top down control on these prey species. Gray whales are primarily bottom feeders that disrupt muddy ocean bottoms, leaving feeding pits that are then colonized by other organisms. During feeding events, large mud plumes follow whales to the surface, carrying with them many invertebrates that are then eaten by sea birds and fish. Birds commonly associated with gray whales include northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), red phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius), black-legged kitti-wakes (Rissa tridactyla), and thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia). Gray whales also eat herring eggs and spawn (Clupea pallasii) along their coastal migration routes and are considered to be opportunistic feeders that also feed upon schools of small baitfish.

Ecosystem Impact: creates habitat; soil aeration

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

• barnacles, (Cryptolepas rhachianecti)
• cyamids, (Cyamus)
• trematode, (Ogmogaster antarcticus)
• trematode, (Ogmogaster pentalineatus)
• trematode, (Lecithodesmus goliath)
• spiny-headed worms, (Acanthocephala)
• nematodes, (Anisakis simplex)
• northern fulmar, (Fulmarus glacialis)
• red phalarope, (Phalaropus fulicarius)
• black-legged kitti-wake, (Rissa tridactyla)
• thick-billed murre, (Uria lomvia)

The only non-human predator of gray whales is the killer whale, also known as the orca (Orcinus orca). Nearly 18% of all gray whales show evidence of orca attack, with juveniles being the most vulnerable. Orca’s hunt in pods and can separate a calf from its mother. Once separated from its mother, the orca pod drowns the calf by holding on to its flippers and tail flukes with their teeth. Adult gray whales often place themselves between their calf and potential predators. When under attack, adults may also swim toward shallow water or kelp beds, where orcas typically do not enter.

Known Predators:

• Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)
• Humans (Homo sapiens)

10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals

Comments: Total population in the early 1990s was about 21,000. Population in the western North Pacific may include 100-250 individuals. Weller et al. (1999) individually identified 69 whales on their feeding grounds off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, in 1994-1998.

In the northern Bering Sea, various seabirds (northern fulmar, red phalarope, black-legged kittiwake, and thick-billed murre) commonly forage on prey in the mud plumes stirred up by feeding gray whales.

Little is known about perception and communication in gray whales. Most whales communicate using a variety of high and low frequency "whale songs", including prolonged deep moans. Evidence suggests that gray whales use a simple array of short pulses and moans. Short pulses may be used for basic echolocation.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Other Communication Modes: choruses

Perception Channels: visual ; acoustic ; echolocation

Size at birth 4.5m (15 feet) and 689kg (1500 pounds); Sexual maturity at 8 years; Females have calves every 2-3 years; Longevity over 40 years; Behavior; Short dives, usually flukes raised before prolonged dive; When feeding on benthic prey, often surfaces with mud streaming from mouth; Small groups, no lasting associations; Fiercely defend themselves and calf against predators/whalers

Information on the lifespan of gray whales is limited, however, estimates range from 25 to 80 years old. Mortality rates are highest for young gray whales with an average annual calf mortality of 5.4%. About 75% of first-year mortalities occur during the first 2 weeks after birth. Mortality records indicate that calves represent about 91% of deaths at winter calving grounds, followed by yearlings (0 to 19.5%) and adults (0 to 5%). Annual adult mortality is estimated to be between 0.1 and 5% per year. Due to their large size and consequent feeding requirements, gray whales cannot be held in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: wild: 25 to 80 years.

Maximum longevity: 77 years (wild)

Although little is known of gray whale mating behavior, group mating events of three or more individual have been documented. Gray whales have a high reproductive rate, relative to other baleen whales.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Gray whales mate throughout the year, however, most conceptions occur during the fall migration. After 13 to 14 months of gestation, females give birth to a single calf (one occurrence of twin fetuses was reported in 1987), which nurses until it is 6 to 7 months old. Eastern gray whale calves are born in late January in the warm coastal waters of Baja California, Mexico; however, early calving during the fall migration has been documented. Although less information is available for western gray whales, their winter calving grounds are thought to be along the coast of the South China Sea and likely have characteristics that are similar to the calving grounds of their eastern counterparts. Calving grounds are typically in shallow lagoons that are less than 4 m in depth and are hyper-saline. Preference for shallow water during calving may have contributed to the extirpation of the north Atlantic population in the mid 1700's.

Sexual maturation in gray whales occurs around 8 years of age, but has been documented in individuals as young as 5 and as old as 11. Nevertheless, studies suggest that size may be a better indicator of sexual maturity than age. Males average 11.1 m in length at time of sexual maturation and females average 11.7 meters. Sixty percent of the population consists of sexually mature adults. The average generation length (number of years between an individual's birth and the age at which they give birth) for gray whales is 22 years.

Breeding interval: Every other year

Breeding season: Year round mating with most conceptions occuring in late November to early December

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Range gestation period: 13 to 14 months.

Range birth mass: 500 to 600 kg.

Range weaning age: 6 to 7 months.

Average time to independence: unknown years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 11 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 11 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); viviparous

Gray whales replenish fat reserves during the summer. Pregnant females are especially dependent on these reserves. From the time they leave the summer feeding grounds in the fall, to when they return in early summer, females rely on fat reserves for energy and milk production. During times of limited food availability, interval between individual calving events may be extended.

Gray whale cows often hold newborn calves to the surface to help them breathe and are fiercely defensive of their young, especially against potential predators such as orcas (Orcinus orca) and human whalers. Gray whales inherit their mother's feeding grounds and are often seen, 1 year after they become independent, in their mother's feeding grounds.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); inherits maternal/paternal territory

Females are impregnated during the southward migration or close to calving grounds. Gestation lasts about 13.5 months. A single calf is born late December-early February. Weaning occurs within 9 months. The calving interval is usually 2 years. Individuals become sexually mature in 5-11 years.

Year Assessed

Assessor/s

Reviewer/s

Contributor/s

Justification

In 2003, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) established an indigenous hunting limit of 620 gray whales over five years, with no more than 140 individuals to be taken in a single year. In 2005, the IWC estimated that 400 individuals could be sustainably taken in any one year. Additionally, the major breeding lagoons of the eastern Pacific population are protected by their inclusion in the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve, limiting disturbances from boating, fishing, and coastal development.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada designated the eastern north Pacific gray whale as a species of "Special Concern". After international protection from commercial whaling, gray whale populations experienced a 2.5% annual growth increase until 1998, when the population peaked at around 27,000 individuals. Over the following four years, however, the population declined by more than a third, possibly due to a lack of food in their summer feeding grounds. Since 2002, the eastern north Pacific gray whale population has steadily increased. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service lists the western north Pacific gray whale population as "endangered" and indicates that the eastern north Pacific stock was delisted in 1994. When the western and eastern Pacific populations are considered a single population, the IUCN considers them as a species of "Least Concern". However, the western Pacific population is separately listed as “critically endangered”.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure

Reasons: Has recovered to pre-whaling numbers (20,000+) in the eastern North Pacific; rare in western North Pacific, extirpated in Atlantic. Apparently secure but perhaps vulnerable due to the low number of, and threats to, calving areas in Mexico.

Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). The northeast Pacific stock is classified as Least Concern (LC), and the northwest Pacific stock is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (1).

Population

Population Trend

Global Short Term Trend: Increase of 10 to >25%

Comments: In the eastern Pacific Ocean over the past several decades, numbers have increased to levels close to pre-whaling abundance.

The main threat to this whale has been hunting; humans have exploited the species for its oil, hide, baleen and meat (6). The activities of early whalers were, at the very least, a contributing factor to the extinction of the gray whale in the Atlantic Ocean (5), while massive over-exploitation in the 19th and 20th centuries almost destroyed the whole species (6). Whilst hunting is now banned a small quota is permitted to indigenous hunters (6). Shipping and industrial activities in the coastal migratory routes increase the risk of collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing nets and pollution. Furthermore, habitat degradation resulting from drilling and dredging is also a problem (1) (5).

In 1946, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) legally protected gray whales from commercial whaling, and the eastern Pacific stock has shown a remarkable recovery, increasing from the brink of extinction to around 21,000 individuals today (6). However, the western Pacific population that migrates along the east coast of Russia remains very small and Critically Endangered (1). Whale watching, particularly in southern California and Mexico, has developed into an extremely popular tourist attraction (4), allowing people to appreciate these awesome creatures in their natural environment and providing additional value to their conservation.

Gray whales have no known negative impact on humans; however, future conservation efforts may limit costal development.

Gray whales have been hunted for thousands of years by indigenous populations along the coasts of North America and Russia. Commercial whaling for baleen, blubber, oil, and meat has occurred sporadically since 1900; however, over the past 400 years over-hunting has significantly decreased gray whale abundance. Although commercial whaling is illegal, indigenous subsistence hunting is allowed in North America and Russia. Finally, ecotourism and whale watching are important components of local economies along gray whale migratory routes.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism ; research and education

Comments: Long exploited for food and oil; now harvested in eastern Asia (about 175/year in recent decades); see IUCN (1991) for a review of exploitation history. Now viwed by many commercial whale-watching boats.

subpopulation Northwest Pacific gray whale : Critically Endangered (CR)

Least Concern (LC)