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Breeding adult male is bright yellow, with black wings, a bold white wing-bar, and a black forehead. Breeding adult female has yellow-brown plumage with dark wings and light wing-bars. Nonbreeding male resembles adult female but has yellow patches on the head and throat and yellow lesser wing coverts. Nonbreeding female has a brownish back, grayish underparts, and buffy wing bars. Both sexes hav...

See Jackson et al. (1992) for aging criteria. Source: Encyclopedia of Life