Holodiscus discolor

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USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Alternative names

Also known as Holodiscus boursieri (Carr.) Rehd., Holodiscus microphyllus Rydb., Spiraea discolor Pursh, Sericotheca discolorRydb., and Schizonotus discolor Raf. Additional common names include creambush, arrowwood, ironwood, hardhack, rock spiraea and mountain spray.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Distribution

Creambush oceanspray is native to the western United States and southwestern Canada. It occurs from southern British Columbia south to southern California and Arizona and east to western Montana [86,100,103]. A few collections have been made in Colorado [227]. Plants Database provides a distributional map of creambush oceanspray.

References:

86. Halverson, Nancy M., comp. 1986. Major indicator shrubs and herbs on national forests of western Oregon and southwestern Washington. R6-TM-229. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 180 p. [3233]
100. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion; Thompson, J. W. 1961. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 614 p. [1167]
103. Kartesz, John T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 1st ed. In: Kartesz, John T.; Meacham, Christopher A. Synthesis of the North American flora (Windows Version 1.0), [CD-ROM]. Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina Botanical Garden (Producer). In cooperation with: The Nature Conservancy; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. [36715]
227. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. PLANTS Database, [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holodiscus dumosus var. australis (A. Heller) F.A. Ley:
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Ley, F. A. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70(3): 275–288.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holodiscus microphyllus var. sericeus F.A. Ley:
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.
Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Ley, F. A. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70(3): 275–288.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holodiscus microphyllus var. glabrescens (Greenm.) F.A. Ley:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Ley, F. A. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70(3): 275–288.

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Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holodiscus discolor var. delnortensis F.A. Ley:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Ley, F. A. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70(3): 275–288.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.:
China (Asia)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Ley, F. A. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70(3): 275–288.

Source:

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Unknown/Undetermined

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Unknown/Undetermined

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

Source:

NatureServe

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NatureServe

Morphology

Description

More info for the terms: achene, sclerophyllous, shrub, shrubs

Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (for example, [97,99,117,193]). Morris and others [161] provide a key for identifying creambush oceanspray and other shrubs in winter. Creambush oceanspray and rockspirea are distinguished by their forms, leaf characteristics, and distributions [136]; intergradation of the 2 species is most pronounced in Nevada [104] and Utah [236].

Morphology:
Form: Creambush oceanspray is a deciduous [1,41,198], spreading shrub with slender arching branches [75,136,223]. It can range from bushy forms about 2.5 feet (0.75 m) tall on poor or frequently disturbed sites to arborescent forms that may be 20 feet (6.1 m) tall in coastal areas. Plants are usually 3 to 10 feet (1-3 m) in height [52,99,198]. They typically have multiple branches [198]. Stem wood is hard and dense [73]; bark of mature plants is shreddy [41,174]. Stand structures of plant communities where creambush oceanspray is important are discussed in the Stand structure section of Fuels.

Leaves and flowers: The leaves are mostly 1.6 to 2.75 inches (4-7 cm) long and 0.8 to 2.75 inches (2-7 cm) wide [136,223]. Creambush oceanspray has a large leaf area relative to most associated shrubs. In the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon, its leaves were more densely packed, larger, thinner, and more prone to wilt than leaves of associated shrub species [40].

Creambush oceanspray flowers are small, about 2 mm long [163]. They are borne on large, showy, terminal panicles that may reach 12 inches (30 cm) long [22]. The name "oceanspray" is derived from these masses of loose, creamy plumes [50]. The fruit is a 1-seeded [45] achene [41,97,117], about 2 mm long [198].

Roots: Rooting depth is likely associated with depth to bedrock. In southwestern Oregon, creambush oceanspray extracted water from no deeper than 3 feet (1 m) below ground, indicating a shallow root system [40]. Dyrness and Franklin [57] had similar findings in the west-central portion of the Cascade Range in Oregon, where shallow soils confined roots to <3 feet below the soil surface. However, a planting guide for the Pacific Northwest reports creambush oceanspray roots as "deep and wide" [154], and researchers described creambush oceanspray as "relatively deep-rooted" in the Blue Mountains [249].

Descriptions of creambush oceanspray's root morphology were not found in the literature as of 2010.

Life span: This species rarely lives more than 30 years [10]. On the Jasper Ridge Biological Reserve, California, its mean life span was 4.5 years [1].

Physiology: Creambush oceanspray is highly drought tolerant [51]. It has adapted to dry sites and drought by shutting down or slowing its rate of transpiration. In droughty conditions, it apparently uses water less efficiently than associated sclerophyllous species. Its large leaf area, however, may partially compensate for low water transpiration rates in summer. It is likely that creambush oceanspray depletes water in upper soil layers rapidly in summer [40].

Antieau [13] suggested that creambush oceanspray may differ in water-use efficiency and cold tolerance across its distribution.

References:

99. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
97. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
1. Ackerly, David. 2004. Functional strategies of chaparral shrubs in relation to seasonal water deficit and disturbance. Ecological Monographs. 74(1): 25-44. [47395]
41. Conrad, C. Eugene. 1987. Common shrubs of chaparral and associated ecosystems of southern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-99. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 86 p. [4209]
50. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Technical Bulletin 62. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture; Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 131 p. [733]
57. Dyrness, C. T.; Franklin, J. F.; Moir, W. H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Oregon. Bulletin No. 4. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 123 p. [8480]
161. Morris, Melvin S.; Schmautz, Jack E.; Stickney, Peter F. 1962. Winter field key to the native shrubs of Montana. Bulletin No. 23. Missoula, MT: Montana State University, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 70 p. [17063]
40. Conard, Susan G.; Sparks, Steven R.; Regelbrugge, Jon C. 1997. Comparative plant water relations and soil water depletion patterns of three seral shrub species on forest sites in southwestern Oregon. Forest Science. 43(3): 336-347. [76322]
45. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Noel H.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1997. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Part A: Subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 446 p. [28652]
51. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture; Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]
73. Gonzalez-Laredo, Rubin F.; Chaidez-Gonzalez, Judith; Ahmed, Ahmed A.; Karchesy, Joseph J. 1997. A stilbene xyloside from Holodiscus discolor bark. Phytochemistry. 46(1): 175-176. [76317]
117. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
136. Ley, Arline. 1943. A taxonomic revision of the genus Holodiscus (Rosaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 70(3): 275-288. [142]
163. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
193. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The flora of Canada. Part 3: Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). National Museum of Natural Sciences: Publications in Botany, No. 7(3). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. 1115 p. [75493]
236. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
10. Anderson, H. G. 1969. Growth form and distribution of vine maple (Acer circinatum) on Mary's Peak, western Oregon. Ecology. 50(1): 127-130. [8425]
13. Antieau, Clayton Joseph. 1985. Patterns of natural variation in oceanspray, Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. (Rosaceae). Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 164 p. Thesis. [76401]
22. Berch, Shannon M.; Gamiet, Sharmin; Deom, Elisabeth. 1988. Mycorrhizal status of some plants of southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 66: 1924-1928. [8841]
52. Dayton, William A. 1931. Important western browse plants. Misc. Publ. No. 101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 214 p. [768]
174. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]
198. Shaw, Nancy L.; Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard. 2004. Rosaceous shrubs. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 539-596. [52845]
223. Topik, Christopher; Hemstrom, Miles A., comps. 1982. Guide to common forest-zone plants: Willamette, Mt. Hood, and Siuslaw National Forests. R6-Ecol 101-1982. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 95 p. [3234]
249. Youngblood, Andrew; Metlen, Kerry L.; Coe, Kent. 2006. Changes in stand structure and composition after restoration treatments in low elevation dry forests of northeastern Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management. 234(1-3): 143-163. [64992]
75. Green, R. N.; Courtin, P. J.; Klinka, K.; Slaco, R. J.; Ray, C. A. 1984. Site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slashburning guidelines for the Vancouver Forest Region. Land Management Handbook Number 8 [Abridged version]. Burnaby, BC: Ministry of Forests, Vancouver Forest Region. 143 p. [9475]
104. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
154. Menashe, Elliott. 1993. Appendix A: Plants commonly found on Puget Sound shoreland sites, [Online]. In: Vegetation Management: A program for Puget Sound bluff property owners. Publication 93-31. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Ecology, Shorelands and Coastal Zone Management Program (Producer). Available: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pubs/93-31/app-a.html [2010, June 11]. [68858]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Description

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Habitat

Habitat characteristics

More info for the terms: association, cover, frequency, fresh, importance value, mesic, presence

Soils: Creambush oceanspray tolerates soils with a pH range from approximately 5.0 to 7.5, fine to coarse textures, and low nutrient and moisture content [74]. In western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho, it had significantly greater cover in soils with pH above 6.1 than in soils with lower pH values (6% vs. ≤1% cover, P=0.05) [165]. Soils supporting creambush oceanspray are often shallow ([87,94,100], review by [196]). In the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon, however, creambush oceanspray is dominant in Pacific ponderosa pine-Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests on deep, fertile soils similar to those of Palouse prairie [84].

Creambush oceanspray is common in sands and clay loams (review by [196]) but may occur in all soil textures. In the Cascade Range of Oregon, coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray communities occur on coarse soils and loams but not on fine soils [153]. A study in the Blue Mountains, however, found creambush oceanspray presence was positively correlated with fine-textured soils (P<0.05) [249]. In western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray cover, frequency, and importance value increased as soil organic matter increased; increases in importance values were significant (P=0.05) [165]. Soils supporting creambush oceanspray are often stony [67,87,94,97,98,100], and creambush oceanspray sometimes grows within rock crevices. It is common on talus slopes (review by [196]). In Nevada and western Utah, creambush oceanspray grew on talus slopes near mountain meadows and in granite boulder piles [65].

Creambush oceanspray occurs on a variety of parent materials. In the Cascade Range of Oregon, coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray communities occur on poorly developed basalts, andesites, and other parent materials of volcanic origin [153]. At Oregon Caves National Monument, mixed-conifer forests with creambush oceanspray occur on soils of diorite origin [240]. Poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum)-creambush oceanspray-Mexican elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) communities of San Luis Obispo County, California, are associated with andesite-derived soils [235]. Photo © Br. Alfred Brousseau, St Mary's College

Moisture regime: Creambush oceanspray is most common on dry sites. McDonald and others [148] list creambush oceanspray as an indicator species of dry montane/shrub forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Creambush oceanspray is also associated with dry montane forests in British Columbia [168,179] and elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest. It is an indicator species of very dry to moderately dry, nitrogen-medium soils in coastal British Columbia [110,111]; its occurrence decreases with increasing precipitation [111]. It also grows in dry to fresh soils in coniferous forests of interior British Columbia [168]. The western hemlock-coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association occurs on some of the hottest and driest sites in the Cascade Range of Washington [222]. In the west-central portion of the Cascade Range in Oregon, Dyrness and Franklin [57] found the coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association occurs on the dry end of coast Douglas-fir forest types. In an extreme case, creambush oceanspray is "widespread but not abundant" on the Indian Plateau of southwestern Oregon. The plateau is a severe site known for widely fluctuating and extreme temperatures in winter and summer and a record of poor artificial regeneration of conifers [156].

Creambush oceanspray is also reported from sites with moist to mesic soils. It is frequently associated with riparian communities (review by [196]). In southeastern Washington and northern Idaho, Pacific ponderosa pine/mallow ninebark-creambush oceanspray communities dry out later in the growing season than Pacific ponderosa pine/common snowberry communities [152]. Creambush oceanspray occurs on moist woodland edges in California [97] and in moist open woods in British Columbia [193]. In western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray frequency was significantly greater on sites with 21% to 25% soil moisture content than on sites with drier or wetter soils [165].

Aspect and topography: This species is most common on warm, dry, south-facing slopes [67,98,165]. A grand fir/creambush oceanspray association in southwestern Washington is common on exposed, south-facing slopes and on ridgetops. Sites having this association remain snow-free much of the year and experience extreme summer drought [221]. In Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the Columbia River Gorge of Washington, creambush oceanspray had greatest cover on south-facing slopes (13%) and least cover in mesic ravines (6%) [243]. The coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association in Oregon's Coast Ranges occurs most often on relatively steep, south- or west-facing slopes between 2,000 and 3,000 feet (600-900 m) elevation. The environment is hot and dry, and the growing season is long, with drought developing by midsummer. Snowpacks are not generally deep or persistent [94]. The western hemlock-Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association is found in some of the hottest and driest forests in the western Cascade Range. Sites are "always" upper slopes and fairly steep, and drainage and solar input are "excessive" [87]. Coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray communities in the Cascade Range of Oregon are also most prevalent on dry, south-facing slopes [153]. In western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray cover, frequency, and importance values were significantly greater on south- than north-facing slopes (P=0.05) [165].

Creambush oceanspray grows on more mesic exposures as well. In montane zones on the Umatilla National Forest, it dominated the understory on north, northeast, northwest, and east aspects [90]; in western Oregon clearcuts it occurred only on north-facing slopes [246]. Creambush oceanspray mostly grows on moist slopes in southern California [41], where it reaches the southern end of its distribution.

Elevation: Creambush oceanspray occurs from sea level to about 7,000 feet (2,150 m) across its range. It mostly grows on low-elevation montane sites. In western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray cover, frequency, and importance values were significantly greater on 3,000- to 3,400-foot (910-1,000 m) elevations than on higher-elevation sites (P=0.05) [165]. Creambush oceanspray grows mostly on high peaks in the Great Basin (review by [196]).

Location Elevation eastern Washington and Oregon, Blue Mountains 1,700-4,800 feet [84] Deschutes National Forest, Oregon, east slopes >2,800 feet, from ponderosa pine to subalpine mixed-conifer zones [212] California <5,900 feet [97] southern California <4,500 feet [41] Nevada 4,500-9,500 feet [104] Pacific Northwest sea level to 5,500 feet [135]

Climate: Creambush oceanspray occurs mostly in dry zones [135], although it is characterized as a "predominantly humid zone species" in western Washington [53]. Annual precipitation across its United States distribution [37,56,97,137,215,241] ranges from 9.3 inches (236 mm) in central Oregon [56] to 57 inches (1,140 mm) in western Washington [137].

References:

97. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
41. Conrad, C. Eugene. 1987. Common shrubs of chaparral and associated ecosystems of southern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-99. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 86 p. [4209]
57. Dyrness, C. T.; Franklin, J. F.; Moir, W. H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Oregon. Bulletin No. 4. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 123 p. [8480]
84. Hall, Frederick C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. R6 Area Guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 82 p. [1059]
100. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion; Thompson, J. W. 1961. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 614 p. [1167]
243. Wolter, B. H. K.; Fonda, R. W. 2002. Gradient analysis of vegetation on the north wall of the Columbia River Gorge, Washington. Northwest Science. 76(1): 61-76. [65993]
65. Floyd, Christian Hollace. 2003. Ecological genetics of dispersal and mating system in populations of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Davis, CA: University of California, Davis. 148 p. Dissertation. [76400]
90. Harris, Gregory Dean. 2004. Integrating a shrub growth model with remote sensing and geographic information system data to predict shrub spatial growth patterns in a post fire environment. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 130 p. Dissertation. [76399]
94. Hemstrom, Miles A.; Logan, Sheila E.; Pavlat, Warren. 1987. Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest. R6-Ecol 257-B-86. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 312 p. [13402]
148. McDonald, G. I.; Harvey, A. E.; Tonn, J. R. 2000. Fire, competition and forest pests: landscape treatment to sustain ecosystem function. In: Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Ryan, Kevin C., tech. eds. Crossing the millennium: integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management: Proceedings, Joint Fire Sciences conference and workshop; 1999 June 15-17; Boise, ID. Vol. II. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho; Boise, ID: International Association of Wildland Fire: 195-211. [41176]
152. McMinn, Robert G. 1952. The role of soil drought in the distribution of vegetation in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecology. 33: 1-15. [1624]
153. Means, Joseph Earl. 1980. Dry coniferous forests in the western Oregon Cascades. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 264 p. Dissertation. [5767]
168. Newton, M.; Comeau, P. G. 1990. Control of competing vegetation. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; Montgomery, G.; Vyse, A.; Willis, R. A.; Winston, D., eds. Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press: 256-265. [10719]
193. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The flora of Canada. Part 3: Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). National Museum of Natural Sciences: Publications in Botany, No. 7(3). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. 1115 p. [75493]
196. Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Holodiscus discolor. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 379-381. [52172]
222. Topik, Christopher; Halverson, Nancy M.; Brockway, Dale G. 1986. Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone: Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-ECOL-230A. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 132 p. [2351]
246. Yerkes, Vern P. 1960. Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after clear cutting old-growth Douglas-fir. Res. Pap. PNW-34. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [8937]
37. Christianson, Steven P.; Adams, David L.; Grahm, Russell T. 1984. First season survival and growth of Douglas-fir planted in north Idaho shrubfields. Tech. Rep. 16. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. 6 p. [7256]
53. del Moral, Roger; Cates, Rex G. 1971. Allelopathic potential of the dominant vegetation of western Washington. Ecology. 52(6): 1030-1037. [4794]
56. Driscoll, Richard S. 1964. A relict area in the central Oregon juniper zone. Ecology. 45(2): 345-353. [5181]
67. Franklin, Jerry F. 1979. Vegetation of the Douglas-fir region. In: Heilman, Paul E.; Anderson, Harry W.; Baumgartner, David M., eds. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service: 93-112. [8207]
87. Halverson, Nancy M.; Topik, Christopher; Van Vickle, Robert. 1986. Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone: Mt. Hood National Forest. R6-ECOL-232A. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 111 p. [1068]
98. Hines, William Wester. 1971. Plant communities in the old-growth forests of north coastal Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 146 p. Thesis. [10399]
110. Klinka, K.; Green, R. N.; Courtin, P. J.; Nuszdorfer, F. C. 1984. Site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slashburning guidelines for the Vancouver Forest Region, British Columbia. Land Management Report No. 25. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [15448]
111. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
135. Lesher, Robin D.; Henderson, Jan A. 1989. Indicator species of the Olympic National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP003-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 79 p. [15376]
137. Long, James N. 1977. Trends in plant species diversity associated with development in a series of Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon stands. Northwest Science. 51(2): 119-130. [10152]
156. Minore, Don. 1978. The Dead Indian Plateau: a historical summary of forestry observations and research in a severe southwestern Oregon environment. PNW-72. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 23 p. [8423]
165. Mueggler, W. F. 1961. Ecology of seral shrub communities in the cedar-hemlock zone of northern Idaho. Durham, NC: Duke University. 126 p. Thesis. [9981]
179. Pojar, J.; Klinka, K.; Meidinger, D. V. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management. 22: 119-154. [7314]
212. Swedberg, Kenneth C. 1973. A transition coniferous forest in the Cascade Mountains of northern Oregon. The American Midland Naturalist. 89(1): 1-25. [4806]
215. Tesch, Steven D.; Crawford, Michael S.; Baker-Katz, Kathryn; Mann, John W. 1990. Recovery of Douglas-fir seedlings from logging damage in southwestern Oregon: preliminary evidence. Northwest Science. 64(3): 131-139. [11764]
221. Topik, Christopher. 1989. Plant association and management guide for the grand fir zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-Ecol-TP-006-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 110 p. [11361]
235. Wells, Philip V. 1962. Vegetation in relation to geological substratum and fire in the San Luis Obispo quadrangle, California. Ecological Monographs. 32(1): 79-103. [14183]
240. Whittaker, R. H. 1953. A consideration of climax theory: the climax as a population and pattern. Ecological Monographs. 23(1): 41-78. [64492]
241. Wiens, John A.; Nussbaum, Ronald A. 1975. Model estimation of energy flow in northwestern coniferous forest bird communities. Ecology. 56: 547-561. [19167]
249. Youngblood, Andrew; Metlen, Kerry L.; Coe, Kent. 2006. Changes in stand structure and composition after restoration treatments in low elevation dry forests of northeastern Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management. 234(1-3): 143-163. [64992]
74. Gonzalves, Pete; Darris, Dale. 2007. Plant fact sheet--Oceanspray: Holodiscus discolor (Pursh.) Maxim, [Online]. In: Plant profile--Holodiscus discolor. In: PLANTS database. Baton Rouge, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center (Producer). Available: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_hodi.pdf. In: http://plants.usda.gov/ [2010, April 28]. [79499]
104. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the terms: association, cover, hardwood, mesic, natural, series, shrub, succession

Creambush oceanspray is important or dominant in many plant communities of the Pacific Northwest, California, and the Northern Rocky Mountains. These communities include seral and old-growth conifer, seral and old-growth hardwood, mixed-riparian, and mixed-shrubland types.

Conifer communities:
Creambush oceanspray is called "the most widespread and possibly the most abundant flowering shrub" in coniferous forests of northeastern Washington and northern Idaho [225]. On the Umatilla National Forest, Washington, it is dominant in coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and western larch (Larix occidentalis) forests [90].
In Oregon, coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray associations on the Willamette National Forest are primarily structurally diverse old-growth stands, containing long-lived canopy trees and a subcanopy of younger trees. Most of the stands are >150 years old [94]. Creambush oceanspray
is common to dominant in dry white fir (A. concolor) forests in the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon [238], and it is an important shrub
in Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) communities of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California [257]. It is important in many
mixed-conifer forests of southern Oregon and California [33,34]. These communities are codominated by Pacific ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var.
ponderosa), coast Douglas-fir, Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), California black oak (Quercus kelloggii), tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflorus), and/or canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis) [34]. Creambush oceanspray is also important in knobcone pine
(P. attenuata) communities of southern Oregon and California [39]. Creambush oceanspray in mixed-conifer forest of Oregon's Cascade Range. Photo permission of Craig Smith.
In California, creambush oceanspray is a characteristic to dominant species of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) [202,254], Pacific ponderosa pine [116], shore pine (P. contorta var. contorta) [255], and Sierra Nevada lodgepole pine (P. c. var. murrayana) [77] forests. It is a minor species in pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) communities [24].
Creambush oceanspray is associated with Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in northern Idaho [217]; it is commonly dominant in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests of northern Idaho and Montana [178,217,225]. It is infrequent to common in western redcedar-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata)) forests of the Interior Pacific Northwest and the Northern Rocky Mountains [148,186].
Hardwood communities:
Creambush oceanspray occurs in the understories of Oregon white oak (Q. garryana) communities throughout Oregon white oak's range ([147,185,216], review by [122]). It also occurs or dominates in other montane oak (Quercus spp.) communities in California [142].
Riparian:
Creambush oceanspray occurs in riparian communities throughout its range (review by [196]). Overstory dominants may be conifers, hardwoods or a mix [112,219]. Meriwether Lewis made the first scientific collection of creambush oceanspray on the banks of the Clearwater River in Idaho [48]. Creambush oceanspray is dominant in grand fir floodplain associations of eastern Washington [112]. In western hemlock stands in the central Cascade Range of Washington, it was more common on high floodplains than on low floodplains [229]. On Myrtle Island Research Natural Area, Oregon, creambush oceanspray is occasional in red alder-Oregon ash (Alnus rubra-Fraxinus latifolia) and willow/field horsetail (Salix spp./Equisetum arvense) riparian communities [219].
Shrublands:
Creambush oceanspray is common to dominant in mixed montane shrublands of the Pacific Northwest and the Northern Rocky Mountains [51,204]. These communities are common on harsh slopes and in coniferous forests in early succession [51]. In montane regions of Nevada and western Utah, creambush
oceanspray occurs in mosaics of mountain meadow and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana) stands [65]. In Redwood National Park, California, it occurs in Lewis' mockorange/brittle bladderfern (Philadelphus lewisii/Cystopteris fragilis) and Sierra gooseberry/varileaf phacelia (Ribes roezlii/Phacelia heterophylla) bald-hill communities [211]. On the Jasper Ridge Biological Reserve in coastal northern California, creambush oceanspray is an associated species in chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral communities [1].
Publications describing plant communities where creambush oceanspray is a dominant or indicator species are listed below.
Pacific Northwest:

Washington:

western hemlock/salal (Gaultheria shallon)-oceanspray forest association of the Olympic National Forest [95]
western hemlock-coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest [222]
coast Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii)/hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta)-creambush oceanspray and
coast Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/salal-creambush oceanspray associations across the Puget Trough of west-central Washington [32]
Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine/Rocky Mountain maple-Saskatoon serviceberry (Acer glabrum-Amelanchier alnifolia)-creambush oceanspray woodlands and forests;
occur on the east side of the Cascade Range, the Okanogan Highlands, and the Blue Mountains [43]
Pacific ponderosa pine-coast Douglas-fir/Saskatoon serviceberry-creambush oceanspray communities of the Blue Mountains [84]
creambush oceanspray and creambush oceanspray-mallow ninebark shrublands on north-facing slopes of the Blue Mountains [51]
east-canyon mixed shrublands of the Columbia Basin and Blue Mountains [44]
grand fir-creambush oceanspray floodplain association of eastern Washington; this type is a variant of the grand-fir-common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) floodplain association [112]
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir-Pacific ponderosa pine-Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine/mixed shrub forest zone in the Wallowa Mountains [38]
Pacific ponderosa pine/mallow ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus)-creambush oceanspray association of southeastern Washington [152]
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir-mallow ninebark-creambush oceanspray habitat type of eastern Washington

Oregon:

coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray forest communities in the west-central Cascade Range; characterized by open stands of old growth [57]
coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray/grass and coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray/vine maple (Acer circinatum) community types of the western
Cascade Range; the former is the most widely distributed of Oregon's dry-forest types [153]
Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine/Rocky Mountain maple-Saskatoon serviceberry-creambush oceanspray woodlands and forests; occur on the east side of the Cascade Range
and the Blue Mountains [43]
creambush oceanspray and creambush oceanspray-mallow ninebark shrublands on north-facing slopes of the Blue Mountains [51]
Pacific ponderosa pine-Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/western snowberry-creambush oceanspray communities of the Blue Mountains [84]
east-canyon mixed shrublands of the Columbia Basin and Blue Mountains [44]
westside Oregon white oak/creambush oceanspray and dry coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray woodlands and forests; mostly in Willamette Valley and the
Klamath Mountains [33]
coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray-whipplevine (Whipplea modesta) series on the Coast Ranges; occurs on the Medford District of BLM and on the
Siskiyou and Rogue River National Forests. Indicative of dry sites [19].
coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray/salal habitat type off the southern coast [20]

California:

coast live oak (Q. agrifolia)/creambush oceanspray-common snowberry subseries of California's hardwood rangeland cover types; on upper-elevation
(>1,250 feet (380 m)), mesic sites [9]
redwood-coast Douglas-fir-hardwood/creambush oceanspray vegetation types of the North Coast Ranges [254]
canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis)-creambush oceanspray forest cover type of central California [142]

Northern Rocky Mountains:

Northern Idaho:

Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/mallow ninebark-creambush oceanspray habitat type [51,152]
Pacific ponderosa pine/mallow ninebark-creambush oceanspray association

Montana:

Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/mallow ninebark-creambush oceanspray forest habitat types [178]
climax western redcedar-western hemlock, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, grand fir, and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa)-Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir-grand
fir forests [186]
indicator species of the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/mallow ninebark habitat type [125]

Western United States:

indicator species of dry western redcedar-western hemlock/shrub, Pacific ponderosa pine/shrub, and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/shrub forests [148]

References:

1. Ackerly, David. 2004. Functional strategies of chaparral shrubs in relation to seasonal water deficit and disturbance. Ecological Monographs. 74(1): 25-44. [47395]
57. Dyrness, C. T.; Franklin, J. F.; Moir, W. H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Oregon. Bulletin No. 4. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 123 p. [8480]
84. Hall, Frederick C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. R6 Area Guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 82 p. [1059]
125. Lee, Lyndon C.; Pfister, Robert D. 1978. A training manual for Montana forest habitat types. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 142 p. [1434]
178. Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby, Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p. [1878]
217. Thilenius, John F.; Hungerford, Kenneth E. 1967. Browse use by cattle and deer in northern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management. 31: 141-145. [76405]
9. Allen, Barbara H.; Holzman, Barbara A.; Evett, Rand R. 1991. A classification system for California's hardwood rangelands. Hilgardia. 59(2): 1-45. [17371]
20. Bailey, Arthur Wesley. 1966. Forest associations and secondary succession in the southern Oregon Coast Range. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 166 p. Thesis. [5786]
24. Bolsinger, Charles L. 1989. California's western juniper and pinyon-juniper woodlands: area, stand characteristics, wood volume, and fenceposts. Res. Bull. PNW-RB-166. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 37 p. [10365]
32. Chappell, Christopher B.; Giglio, David F. 1999. Pacific madrone forests of the Puget Trough, Washington. In: Adams, A. B.; Hamilton, Clement W., eds. The decline of the Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh): Current theory and research directions: Proceedings of the symposium; 1995 April 28; Seattle, WA. Seattle, WA: Save Magnolia's Madrones, Center for Urban Horticulture, Ecosystems Database Development and Research: 2-11. [40472]
33. Chappell, Christopher B.; Kagan, Jimmy. 2001. 2. Westside oak and dry Douglas-fir forest and woodland. In: Chappell, Christopher B.; Crawford, Rex C.; Barrett, Charley; Kagan, Jimmy; Johnson, David H.; O'Mealy, Mikell; Green, Greg A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Edge, W. Daniel; Greda, Eva L.; O'Neil, Thomas A. Wildlife habitats: descriptions, status, trends, and system dynamics. In: Johnson, David H.; O'Neil, Thomas A., eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 26-28. [68065]
34. Chappell, Christopher B.; Kagan, Jimmy. 2001. 3. Southwest Oregon mixed conifer-hardwood forest. In: Chappell, Christopher B.; Crawford, Rex C.; Barrett, Charley; Kagan, Jimmy; Johnson, David H.; O'Mealy, Mikell; Green, Greg A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Edge, W. Daniel; Greda, Eva L.; O'Neil, Thomas A. Wildlife habitats: descriptions, status, trends, and system dynamics. In: Johnson, David H.; O'Neil, Thomas A., eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 28-30. [68066]
38. Clarke, Sharon E.; Garner, Mark W.; McIntosh, Bruce A.; Sedell, James R. 1997. Section 3--Landscape-level ecoregions for seven contiguous watersheds, northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. In: Clarke, Sharon E.; Bryce, Sandra A., eds. Hierarchical subdivisions of the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountains ecoregions, Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-395. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 56-113. [28539]
39. Colwell, Wilmer L., Jr. 1980. Knobcone pine. In: Eyre, F. H., ed. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 124-125. [50059]
43. Crawford, Rex C. 2001. 6. Lodgepole pine forest and woodlands. In: Chappell, Christopher B.; Crawford, Rex C.; Barrett, Charley; Kagan, Jimmy; Johnson, David H.; O'Mealy, Mikell; Green, Greg A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Edge, W. Daniel; Greda, Eva L.; O'Neil, Thomas A. Wildlife habitats: descriptions, status, trends, and system dynamics. In: Johnson, David H.; O'Neil, Thomas A., eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 34-35. [68069]
44. Crawford, Rex C.; Kagan, Jimmy. 2001. 14. Eastside canyon shrublands. In: Chappell, Christopher B.; Crawford, Rex C.; Barrett, Charley; Kagan, Jimmy; Johnson, David H.; O'Mealy, Mikell; Green, Greg A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Edge, W. Daniel; Greda, Eva L.; O'Neil, Thomas A. Wildlife habitats: descriptions, status, trends, and system dynamics. In: Johnson, David H.; O'Neil, Thomas A., eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press:46-47. [68103]
48. Cutright, Paul Russell. 1989. Lewis and Clark: pioneering naturalists. First Bison Book. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 506 p. [20300]
51. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture; Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]
65. Floyd, Christian Hollace. 2003. Ecological genetics of dispersal and mating system in populations of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Davis, CA: University of California, Davis. 148 p. Dissertation. [76400]
90. Harris, Gregory Dean. 2004. Integrating a shrub growth model with remote sensing and geographic information system data to predict shrub spatial growth patterns in a post fire environment. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 130 p. Dissertation. [76399]
94. Hemstrom, Miles A.; Logan, Sheila E.; Pavlat, Warren. 1987. Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest. R6-Ecol 257-B-86. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 312 p. [13402]
95. Henderson, Jan A.; Peter, David H.; Lesher, Robin D.; Shaw, David C. 1989. Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP 001-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 502 p. [23405]
112. Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. 2004. Classification and management of aquatic, riparian, and wetland sites on the national forests of eastern Washington: series description. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-593. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 354 p. [53329]
116. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Ponderosa shrub forest (Pinus). In: Kuchler, A. W. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society: 10. [67010]
122. Larsen, Eric M.; Morgan, John T. 1998. Management recommendations for Washington's priority habitats: Oregon white oak woodlands. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 37 p. [52756]
142. Mallory, James I. 1980. Canyon live oak. In: Eyre, F. H., ed. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 125-126. [7608]
147. McDadi, Omar; Hebda, Richard J. 2008. Change in historic fire disturbance in a Garry oak (Quercus garryana) meadow and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mosaic, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: a possible link with First Nations and Europeans. Forest Ecology and Management. 256(10): 1704-1710. [72957]
148. McDonald, G. I.; Harvey, A. E.; Tonn, J. R. 2000. Fire, competition and forest pests: landscape treatment to sustain ecosystem function. In: Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Ryan, Kevin C., tech. eds. Crossing the millennium: integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management: Proceedings, Joint Fire Sciences conference and workshop; 1999 June 15-17; Boise, ID. Vol. II. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho; Boise, ID: International Association of Wildland Fire: 195-211. [41176]
152. McMinn, Robert G. 1952. The role of soil drought in the distribution of vegetation in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecology. 33: 1-15. [1624]
153. Means, Joseph Earl. 1980. Dry coniferous forests in the western Oregon Cascades. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 264 p. Dissertation. [5767]
185. Roemer, Hans. 1993. Vegetation and ecology of Garry oak woodlands. In: Hebda, Richard J.; Aitkens, Fran, eds. Garry oak-meadow colloquium: Proceedings; 1993; Victoria, BC. Victoria, BC: Garry Oak Meadow Preservation Society: 19-24. [64527]
186. Ross, Robert L.; Hunter, Harold E. 1976. Climax vegetation of Montana: Based on soils and climate. Bozeman, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 64 p. [2028]
196. Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Holodiscus discolor. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 379-381. [52172]
202. Shreve, Forrest. 1927. The vegetation of a coastal mountain range. Ecology. 8(1): 27-44. [63417]
204. Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 142 p. [27992]
211. Sugihara, Neil G.; Reed, Lois J. 1987. Vegetation ecology of the Bald Hills oak woodlands of Redwood National Park. Tech. Rep. 21. Orick, CA: Redwood National Park Research and Development, South Operations Center. 78 p. [55266]
216. Thilenius, John F. 1968. The Quercus garryana forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Ecology. 49(6): 1124-1133. [8765]
219. Thompson, Ralph L. 2001. Botanical survey of Myrtle Island Research Natural Area, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-507. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. [43785]
222. Topik, Christopher; Halverson, Nancy M.; Brockway, Dale G. 1986. Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone: Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-ECOL-230A. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 132 p. [2351]
229. Villarin, Lauren A.; Chapin, David M.; Jones, John E., III. 2009. Riparian forest structure and succession in second-growth stands of the central Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 257(5): 1375-1385. [73721]
254. Zinke, Paul J. 1977. The redwood forest and associated north coast forests. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 679-698. [7212]
255. Zobel, Donald B. 2002. Ecosystem use by indigenous people in an Oregon coastal landscape. Northwest Science. 76(4): 304-314. [64344]
257. Zobel, Donald B.; Roth, Lewis F.; Hawk, Glenn M. 1985. Ecology, pathology, and management of Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-184. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 161 p. [9245]
238. White, Diane E.; Atzet, Thomas; Martinez, Patricia A. 2004. Relationship of historic FIRE REGIMES to dead wood components in white fir forests of southwestern Oregon. In: Engstrom, R. Todd; Galley, Krista E. M.; de Groot, William J., eds. Fire in temperate, boreal, and montane ecosystems: Proceedings of the 22nd Tall Timbers fire ecology conference: an international symposium; 2001 October 15-18; Kananaskis Village, AB. No. 22. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research, Inc: 117-124. [52307]
19. Atzet, Thomas; White, Diane E.; McCrimmon, Lisa A.; Martinez, Patricia A.; Fong, Paula Reid; Randall, Vince D., tech. coords. 1996. Field guide to the forested plant associations of southwestern Oregon. Tech. Pap. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-17-96. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Available online: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/rogue-siskiyou/publications/plant-associations.s... [2008, September 12]. [49881]
77. Greenlee, John M. 1973. A study of the fire ecology of the Emigrant Basin Primitive Area: Stanislaus National Forest. [Project No. 14]. Sonora, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Stanislaus National Forest, Summit Ranger District, Pinecrest Ranger Station. 64 p. [21257]
225. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Division of Timber Management, Region 1. 1970. Reference material: Daubenmire habitat types. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 17 p. [+ appendices]. [17399]

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Dispersal

Establishment

Oceanspray is typically propagated by seed requiring 15 to 18 weeks of cold moist storage (stratification) to overcome dormancy. There are more than 5,000,000 seeds per pound. Seed viability is reported as less than 10%. Seedlings develop slowly. Oceanspray can also be propagated from softwood or hardwood cuttings or by layering. Success in rooting varies widely depending on clone and technique. Softwood cuttings taken in spring may be treated with a rooting hormone and grown under mist with bottom heat. Better results may be expected with fall or winter collected hardwood cuttings, also treated with rooting hormone. Autumn is the best time to transplant container stock.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

General Ecology

Fuels

More info for the terms: association, cover, density, fire exclusion, fire severity, fuel, ladder fuels, mesic, severity, shrub, shrubs, snag, tree, tussock

Creambush oceanspray is most frequent on south slopes of dry montane forests (see Site Characteristics); these sites typically burn earlier in the season or with higher severities than cooler, drier sites. In northern Idaho, Smith and Fischer [204] placed the Pacific ponderosa pine, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, and grand fir forests where creambush oceanspray is most typically dominant in Fire Group 2. These forests tend to have warm temperature regimes, dry to moderate soil moisture, and are generally more productive—with heavier loads of downed woody fuels—compared to cooler or drier forests. Creambush oceanspray also occurs in mesic to moist grand fir forests (Fire Group 7); these forests also have heavy fuel loads. See Smith and Fischer [204] for fuel load measurements representative of coniferous forest habitat types where creambush oceanspray is important in northern Idaho.

In Pacific ponderosa pine-grand fir forests of Washington and Oregon, growing-season moisture content of shrubs, including creambush oceanspray, averaged >125% over 2 years. Shrub moisture content peaked in June at ~175%. Moisture contents of dominant overstory trees are also described in this study [7].

In many forest types with creambush oceanspray, fire exclusion has resulted in higher loads of woody debris compared to woody fuel loads when historic FIRE REGIMES were still functioning. In white fir stands in the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon, large woody-debris loads were positively correlated with time-since-fire (P=0.01). Snag density was positively correlated with low (30 snags/ha) and high (23 snags/ha) fire severities (P=0.05). The authors attributed the correlation to nonconsumption of preexisting snags at low fire severity and creation of new snags at high severity. In this study, creambush oceanspray dominated the shrub layer of white fir stands in dry, interior valleys [238].

Stand structure: Stand structure of communities where creambush oceanspray is an important component of the vegetation is variable, as is the amount of fuel creambush oceanspray contributes. On some sites, structure is open, with a sparse shrub component. In the west-central portion of the Cascade Range of Oregon, the coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray association displayed a relatively open stand structure (30-60% crown closure) of old growth, with few shrubs and a "very poorly developed" herb layer. Creambush oceanspray cover averaged 5% [57]. Another study of coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray communities in the Cascade Range found that except for creambush oceanspray, the tall-shrub layer was depauperate; low-shrub and herbaceous cover was also low. Incense-cedar, however, was encroaching in the subcanopy. Tree densities averaged 53 stems/ha for coast Douglas-fir and 5/ha for incense-cedar [153]. Live shrubs, including creambush oceanspray as a dominant, comprised <5% of total stand biomass in mixed-conifer communities in the White Cap Wilderness Study Area of northern Idaho. Total shrub fuel loads ranged from 204 to 2,190 lbs/acre; shrubs were 0.6 inch to 27 inches (1.5-69 cm) tall, with 2% to 50% cover [26].

Some communities with creambush oceanspray have denser overstories and/or understories. A coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray stand on the west-central portion of the Cascade Range, Oregon, had 70% tree cover, 46% shrub cover, and 36% herb cover. Aspect of the forest was southwest; it was the hottest and driest of 18 stand types examined [256]. Bailey [20] found coast Douglas-fir/creambush oceanspray-salal habitat types off the southern coast of Oregon had relatively open canopies and "well-developed" shrub layers. Creambush oceanspray averaged 30% cover [20]. Western redcedar-western hemlock forests often have a dense overstory, but understory cover of creambush oceanspray and other shrubs may be sparse [204].

Mixed-conifer forests of southern Oregon and California are structurally and compositionally complex, with small conifers—often white fir and/or incense-cedar—often forming ladder fuels in a well-developed subcanopy. Snags and large, downed woody debris are common, but fuel loads are highly variable. Many of these mixed-conifer forests support a moderate to dense shrub understory, although some have few shrubs but a dominant herbaceous layer, and others have both depauperate understory and ground layers [34]. Stand structure in California's mixed-conifer forests was mostly open in the presettlement period [79].

Insect attacks increase snag densities in creambush oceanspray habitats, which eventually increase dead and downed woody fuel loads. Youngblood and Wickman [250] provide data on stand structure, live and dead tree abundance, and shrub and herb cover of a grand fir-Douglas-fir forest attacked by Douglas-fir tussock moths 23 years prior. Creambush oceanspray was an important component of the understory (5% cover); the site was in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon [250].

Models: A few models were available for predicting creambush oceanspray's contribution to total fuel loads as of 2010. Smith and Brand [205] review equations for predicting creambush oceanspray biomass. Harris [90] presents models to predict creambush oceanspray aboveground biomass and cover; the models were developed from data collected in coast Douglas-fir, grand fir, and western larch forests on the Umatilla National Forest. Brown [27] provides a model for predicting total aboveground creambush oceanspray biomass and total leaf biomass based on basal stem diameter. Samples on which the model is based were collected in northern Idaho and western Montana [27].

Leaf area indices are used in some fuel models [49]. In the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon, creambush oceanspray had a large mean leaf area compared to associated shrubs; about twice as large as the leaf areas of associated greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) and redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus) [40]. Agee and Lolley [6] placed creambush oceanspray in fuel type 2: shrubs with thick stems but thin leaves.

References:

57. Dyrness, C. T.; Franklin, J. F.; Moir, W. H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Oregon. Bulletin No. 4. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 123 p. [8480]
20. Bailey, Arthur Wesley. 1966. Forest associations and secondary succession in the southern Oregon Coast Range. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 166 p. Thesis. [5786]
34. Chappell, Christopher B.; Kagan, Jimmy. 2001. 3. Southwest Oregon mixed conifer-hardwood forest. In: Chappell, Christopher B.; Crawford, Rex C.; Barrett, Charley; Kagan, Jimmy; Johnson, David H.; O'Mealy, Mikell; Green, Greg A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Edge, W. Daniel; Greda, Eva L.; O'Neil, Thomas A. Wildlife habitats: descriptions, status, trends, and system dynamics. In: Johnson, David H.; O'Neil, Thomas A., eds. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 28-30. [68066]
40. Conard, Susan G.; Sparks, Steven R.; Regelbrugge, Jon C. 1997. Comparative plant water relations and soil water depletion patterns of three seral shrub species on forest sites in southwestern Oregon. Forest Science. 43(3): 336-347. [76322]
90. Harris, Gregory Dean. 2004. Integrating a shrub growth model with remote sensing and geographic information system data to predict shrub spatial growth patterns in a post fire environment. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 130 p. Dissertation. [76399]
153. Means, Joseph Earl. 1980. Dry coniferous forests in the western Oregon Cascades. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 264 p. Dissertation. [5767]
204. Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 142 p. [27992]
6. Agee, James K.; Lolley, M. Reese. 2009. Fuels and fire behavior. In: Agee, James K.; Lehmkuhl, John F., compilers. Dry forests of the northeastern Cascades fire and fire surrogate project sites, Mission Creek, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Research Paper PNW-RP-577. Portland , OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 35-46. [79562]
7. Agee, James K.; Wright, Clinton S.; Williamson, Nathan; Huff, Mark H. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. Forest and Ecology Management. 167: 57-66. [41775]
27. Brown, J. K. 1976. Estimating shrub biomass from basal stem diameters. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 6: 153-358. [10107]
49. Dasgupta, Swarvanu; Qu, John J.; Hao, Xianjun; Bhoi, Sanjeeb. 2007. Evaluating remotely sensed live fuel moisture estimations for fire behavior predictions in Georgia, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment. 108(2): 138â150. [79564]
79. Gruell, George E. 2001. Fire in Sierra Nevada forests: A photographic interpretation of ecological change since 1849. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 238 p. [43843]
205. Smith, W. Brad; Brand, Gary J. 1983. Allometric biomass equations for 98 species of herbs, shrubs, and small trees. Res. Note NC-299. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. [20785]
250. Youngblood, Andrew; Wickman, Boyd E. 2002. The role of disturbance in creating dead wood: insect defoliation and tree mortality in northeastern Oregon. In: Laudenslayer, William F., Jr.; Shea, Patrick J.; Valentine, Bradley E.; Weatherspoon, C. Phillip; Lisle, Thomas E., tech. coords. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology and management of dead wood in western forests; 1999 November 2-4; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 155-168. [44351]
256. Zobel, Donald B.; McKee, Arthur; Hawk, Glenn M.; Dyrness, C. T. 1976. Relationships of environment to composition, structure, and diversity of forest communities of the central western Cascades of Oregon. Ecological Monographs. 46: 135-156. [8767]
238. White, Diane E.; Atzet, Thomas; Martinez, Patricia A. 2004. Relationship of historic FIRE REGIMES to dead wood components in white fir forests of southwestern Oregon. In: Engstrom, R. Todd; Galley, Krista E. M.; de Groot, William J., eds. Fire in temperate, boreal, and montane ecosystems: Proceedings of the 22nd Tall Timbers fire ecology conference: an international symposium; 2001 October 15-18; Kananaskis Village, AB. No. 22. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research, Inc: 117-124. [52307]
26. Bradshaw, Larry S. [n.d.]. Post-fire vegetation and fuel succession in the White Cap Wilderness Study Area: 1972-1980. Final Report: Cooperative Agreement 22-C-3-INT-28-CA. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 23 p. [20955]

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Fuels and Fire Regimes

Fuels
FIRE REGIMES

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Successional Status

Seed banking

More info for the term: succession

Creambush oceanspray has a soil seed bank [60,150]. In western hemlock forests of southwestern British Columbia, viable creambush oceanspray seed was more common in undisturbed soils (x=15.5 germinants/0.04-m² soil sample) compared to clearcut rights-of-way in early-seral succession (x=1-2.5 germinants/0.04-m² soil sample) [150].

References:

60. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]
150. McGee, Ann; Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1574-1583. [25756]

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Flower and seed production

Thinning, burning, or other canopy-opening events may increase creambush oceanspray's seed output. In the understories of coast Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon, creambush oceanspray showed a "large increase" in flower and/or fruit production after moderate thinnings (leaving 200 trees/ha) or heavy thinnings (leaving 100 trees/ha or 0.4-ha openings); production increases were "minimal" after light thinning (leaving 300 trees/ha) [213].

References:

213. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; Stewart, Ronald E.; Tappeiner, John C., II; Wells, Gail E., eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]

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Pollination and breeding system

More info for the term: perfect

Insects pollinate creambush oceanspray (review by [196]). The flowers are perfect [100].

Antieau [13] suggested that mountain ranges restrict creambush oceanspray breeding. A study across creambush oceanspray's distribution in Washington and Oregon showed phenotypic differences in creambush oceanspray (for example, in leaf area); these differences were related to geographic regions and climate [13].

References:

100. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion; Thompson, J. W. 1961. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 614 p. [1167]
196. Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Holodiscus discolor. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 379-381. [52172]
13. Antieau, Clayton Joseph. 1985. Patterns of natural variation in oceanspray, Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. (Rosaceae). Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 164 p. Thesis. [76401]

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Vegetative regeneration

More info for the terms: layering, root crown, top-kill

Creambush oceanspray sprouts from the root crown after top-kill [55,60,61,140,140,150,167,209,228,245]. It may also reproduce by layering ([74], review by [196]).

References:

55. Drew, Larry Albert. 1967. Comparative phenology of seral shrub communities in the cedar/hemlock zone. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 108 p. Thesis. [9654]
196. Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Holodiscus discolor. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 379-381. [52172]
60. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]
61. Fischer, William C.; Clayton, Bruce D. 1983. Fire ecology of Montana forest habitat types east of the Continental Divide. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 83 p. [923]
140. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
150. McGee, Ann; Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1574-1583. [25756]
167. Neuenschwander, L. F. 1978. The fire induced autecology of selected shrubs of the cold desert and surrounding forests: A-state-of-the-art review. Unpublished manuscript on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 31 p. [1747]
245. Wright, Henry A.; Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Britton, Carlton M. 1979. The role and use of fire in sagebrush-grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities: A state-of-the-art review. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-58. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [2625]
74. Gonzalves, Pete; Darris, Dale. 2007. Plant fact sheet--Oceanspray: Holodiscus discolor (Pursh.) Maxim, [Online]. In: Plant profile--Holodiscus discolor. In: PLANTS database. Baton Rouge, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center (Producer). Available: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_hodi.pdf. In: http://plants.usda.gov/ [2010, April 28]. [79499]
209. Stickney, Peter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 2000. Data base for early postfire succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-61-CD, [CD-ROM]. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [43743]
228. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1993. Fire effects in sagebrush/grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities. In: Fire effects in plant communities on the public lands. EA #MT-930-93-01. [Billings, MT]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Montana State Office: I-1 to I-42. [55086]

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Regeneration Processes

More info for the terms: breeding system, root crown

Creambush oceanspray regenerates by sprouting from the root crown [55,60,61,140,140,167,209,228,245] and establishing from seed [160]. Root crown sprouting is more prevalent than regeneration from seed [140,149,150,208,213]. Ackerly [1] characterizes creambush oceanspray's reproduction as "opportunistic regeneration following disturbance". Fire and other top-killing events favor creambush oceanspray regeneration.

References:

1. Ackerly, David. 2004. Functional strategies of chaparral shrubs in relation to seasonal water deficit and disturbance. Ecological Monographs. 74(1): 25-44. [47395]
55. Drew, Larry Albert. 1967. Comparative phenology of seral shrub communities in the cedar/hemlock zone. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 108 p. Thesis. [9654]
60. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]
61. Fischer, William C.; Clayton, Bruce D. 1983. Fire ecology of Montana forest habitat types east of the Continental Divide. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 83 p. [923]
140. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
149. McDonald, Philip M. 1980. Pacific ponderosa pine--Douglas-fir. In: Eyre, F. H., ed. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 120. [50055]
150. McGee, Ann; Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1574-1583. [25756]
160. Morgan, Penelope; Neuenschwander, Leon F. 1988. Shrub response to high and low severity burns following clearcutting in northern Idaho. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 3(1): 5-9. [3895]
167. Neuenschwander, L. F. 1978. The fire induced autecology of selected shrubs of the cold desert and surrounding forests: A-state-of-the-art review. Unpublished manuscript on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 31 p. [1747]
208. Stickney, Peter F. 1991. Effects of fire on flora: Northern Rocky Mountain forest plants. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Missoula, MT. 10 p. [21628]
213. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; Stewart, Ronald E.; Tappeiner, John C., II; Wells, Gail E., eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]
245. Wright, Henry A.; Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Britton, Carlton M. 1979. The role and use of fire in sagebrush-grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities: A state-of-the-art review. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-58. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [2625]
209. Stickney, Peter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 2000. Data base for early postfire succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-61-CD, [CD-ROM]. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [43743]
228. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1993. Fire effects in sagebrush/grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities. In: Fire effects in plant communities on the public lands. EA #MT-930-93-01. [Billings, MT]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Montana State Office: I-1 to I-42. [55086]

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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

Life Form

More info for the term: shrub

Shrub

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Follow this link to the U.S. Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service to see a table with fire regime information that may be relevant to habitats in which this species occurs

Fire Regime Table

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Germination, seedling establishment, and plant growth

Fresh creambush oceanspray seed is dormant [74]. In the field, it likely requires overwintering to germinate. As of 2010, little research had been conducted on creambush oceanspray's germination requirements [197]. Stratification at around 41 oF (5 oC) [197] for 15 to 18 weeks breaks dormancy in the laboratory [12,113,197].

Creambush oceanspray seed may have low viability. According to a fact sheet, most seeds lack developed embryos, so only about 7% of a given seed lot may be sound [74].

Seedling establishment is uncommon [140,149,150,208,213] but has been documented a few times. Open stand structure [214], heat, and bare mineral soil may favor creambush oceanspray germination and establishment (review by [196]). In the Oregon Coast Range, creambush oceanspray seedlings emerged well (>70%) in both clearcuts and young, unthinned conifer stands; however, seedlings survived only in the young, unthinned stands [214]. Creambush oceanspray established from seed 3 growing seasons after a debris flow on the Central Coast Ranges of southwestern Oregon [173]. See Seedling establishment in the Plant Response to Fire section for studies on postfire seedling establishment.

A review states that creambush oceanspray seedlings grow slowly in their first 2 years of development [196]. Plants released by overstory removal may grow rapidly, however. Daubenmire and Daubenmire [51] found that in northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray grew up to 15 feet (4.6 m) tall following harvest of the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir overstory; this was twice its stature in unharvested Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests.

References:

197. Shaw, Nancy L.; Hurd, Emerenciana G.; Stickney, Peter F. 2008. Holodiscus (K. Koch) Maxim.: ocean-spray. In: Bonner, Franklin T., Karrfalt, Robert P., eds. Woody plant seed manual. Agric. Handbook 727. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 591-594. [78278]
12. Antieau, Clayton J. 1987. Holodiscus discolor. American Nurseryman. 166(2): 110. [76325]
51. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture; Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]
113. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 252 p. [9980]
196. Shaw, Nancy L. 2004. Holodiscus discolor. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 379-381. [52172]
140. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
149. McDonald, Philip M. 1980. Pacific ponderosa pine--Douglas-fir. In: Eyre, F. H., ed. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 120. [50055]
150. McGee, Ann; Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1574-1583. [25756]
173. Pabst, Robert J.; Spies, Thomas A. 2001. Ten years of vegetation succession on a debris-flow deposit in Oregon. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 37(6): 1693-1708. [41709]
208. Stickney, Peter F. 1991. Effects of fire on flora: Northern Rocky Mountain forest plants. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Missoula, MT. 10 p. [21628]
213. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; Stewart, Ronald E.; Tappeiner, John C., II; Wells, Gail E., eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]
214. Tappeiner, John; Zasada, John. 1988. Ecology and management of shrubs and hardwoods in Oregon's Coast Range forests. Cope Report. Newport, OR: Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center. 1(4): 3-4. [15445]
74. Gonzalves, Pete; Darris, Dale. 2007. Plant fact sheet--Oceanspray: Holodiscus discolor (Pursh.) Maxim, [Online]. In: Plant profile--Holodiscus discolor. In: PLANTS database. Baton Rouge, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center (Producer). Available: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_hodi.pdf. In: http://plants.usda.gov/ [2010, April 28]. [79499]

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Seed dispersal

Creambush oceanspray seed is disseminated by wind ([213,237,248], review by [198]) or animals [213].

References:

198. Shaw, Nancy L.; Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard. 2004. Rosaceous shrubs. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 539-596. [52845]
213. Tappeiner, John C., II; McDonald, Philip M.; Newton, Michael; Harrington, Timothy B. 1992. Ecology of hardwoods, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation: effects on conifer regeneration. In: Hobbs, Stephen D.; Tesch, Steven D.; Owston, Peyton W.; Stewart, Ronald E.; Tappeiner, John C., II; Wells, Gail E., eds. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory: 136-164. [22157]
237. Wender, Bryan W.; Harrington, Constance A.; Tappeiner, John C., II. 2004. Flower and fruit production of understory shrubs in western Washington and Oregon. Northwest Science. 78(2): 124-140. [51134]
248. Young, Richard P. 1983. Fire as a vegetation management tool in rangelands of the Intermountain region. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, comps. Managing Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife habitats: Proceedings of symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June 22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 18-31. [2681]

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Cyclicity

Phenology

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Holodiscus discolor

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Holodiscus discolor

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 15
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation Status

Creambush oceanspray had no special protection status as of 2010. Information on state- and province-level protection status of plants in the United States and Canada is available at NatureServe.

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National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

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Threats

Pests and potential problems

The genus is largely free of insect pests and diseases although susceptibilities to fireblight (Erwinia amylovora), a fungal leaf spot (Septogloeum sp.) and aphids have been reported. It is also a host of the root parasite, pine broomrape (Orobanche pinorum).

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

Rights Holder:

USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Management

Management considerations

More info for the terms: cover, density, frequency

Creambush oceanspray may interfere with conifer seedlings on plantations [168]. Because its roots are often shallow, creambush oceanspray is likely to compete with conifer seedlings for water [40].

Grazing:
Creambush oceanspray may decline with grazing despite its relative unpalatibility; its growth response in browsing and clipping studies has been mixed. In northern
Idaho sites with elk, moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, creambush oceanspray was more common inside than outside exclosures [8]. Another northern Idaho study in
a Douglas-fir habitat type found creambush oceanspray decreased in cattle-grazed stands [253]. Similarly, in the Bitterroot Mountains of northern Idaho, creambush oceanspray showed greater density, cover, and frequency on ungrazed plots than on plots grazed by cattle (989 vs. 522 plants/ha; 2.6% vs. 0.6%; 4.4% vs. 1.3%,
respectively, for desnity, cover, and frequency) [252]. Garrison [71] recommends ≤50% to 60% utilization of creambush oceanspray to prevent the species' decline.
Daubenmire and Daubenmire [51] reported that in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, overgrazing of Pacific ponderosa pine/mallow ninebark stands, in which creambush oceanspray often codominates, may result in a disclimax ponderosa pine/bluegrass (Poa spp.) community.
Exclosure studies in eastern Washington and eastern Oregon found that creambush oceanspray production was significantly greater (P≤0.04) for completely clipped plants (100% of new growth removed, x=200 g/0.25 acre) compared with heavily (75%, x=151 g), moderately (50%, x=162 g), and slightly (25%, x=64 g) clipped plants. Much of the new growth was long twig and branch sprouts. Moderate or heavier clipping suppressed flower production. Results were averaged over 4 to 5 consecutive years of clipping [70].

References:

8. Alldredge, Matthew W.; Peek, James M.; Wall, William A. 2001. Alterations of shrub communities in relation to herbivory in northern Idaho. Northwest Science. 75(2): 137-144. [53493]
40. Conard, Susan G.; Sparks, Steven R.; Regelbrugge, Jon C. 1997. Comparative plant water relations and soil water depletion patterns of three seral shrub species on forest sites in southwestern Oregon. Forest Science. 43(3): 336-347. [76322]
51. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture; Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]
70. Garrison, George A. 1953. Effects of clipping on some range shrubs. Journal of Range Management. 6(5): 309-317. [995]
71. Garrison, George A. 1972. Carbohydrate reserves and response to use. In: McKell, Cyrus M.; Blaisdell, James P.; Goodin, Joe R., eds. Wildland shrubs--their biology and utilization: Proceedings of a symposium; 1971 July; Logan, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-1. Ogden, UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 271-278. [997]
168. Newton, M.; Comeau, P. G. 1990. Control of competing vegetation. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; Montgomery, G.; Vyse, A.; Willis, R. A.; Winston, D., eds. Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press: 256-265. [10719]
252. Zimmerman, G. T.; Neuenschwander, L. F. 1984. Livestock grazing influences on community structure, fire intensity, and fire frequency within the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type. Journal of Range Management. 37(2): 104-110. [10103]
253. Zimmerman, Gordon Thomas. 1979. Livestock grazing, fire, and their interactions within the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type of northern Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 145 p. Thesis. [6724]

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Cultivars, improved and selected materials (and area of origin)

Oceanspray is available as seed, container stock or bare-root from west coast native plant nurseries. It is a popular ornamental in parts of Europe where the cultivar ‘carneus’ may be available. A more compact growing related species, Holodiscus dumosus, native to the east side of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains is sometimes called dwarf oceanspray. The Corvallis Plant Materials Center has two selected class germplasms pending release for western Washington and Oregon.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Environmental concerns

Oceanspray spreads slowly either by seed or by root sprouting although it will re-colonize rapidly following fire or other disturbance. It is non-toxic to humans and wildlife.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Management

As a poor competitor, oceanspray benefits from weed control when young. The fibrous root system requires well drained soil at least 12 in. deep. Consider supplemental irrigation during establishment year or years with low rainfall. Cutting back mature stems will encourage vigorous growth suitable for cutting wood.

Source:

License:

Rights Holder:

USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Oregon

Benefits

Uses

This hardy species, tolerant of wide moisture regimes, soil types, and both sun and shade, is useful for low maintenance riparian plantings, reclamation of droughty and rocky or disturbed sites, and windbreaks. This broad adaptation and abundant mid-summer flower clusters at the tips of arching branches make oceanspray a popular ornamental for highway and landscape plantings and an important host for beneficial insects. Palatability for livestock and wildlife is generally considered to be low but varies with climate and incidence of fire. It is browsed by cattle, deer, elk, snowshoe hares and dusky-footed wood rats but not moose. As a common understory species, oceanspray provides cover for numerous birds and small mammals and also treefrogs. Seeds were eaten by Native Americans who also used the hard straight stems for arrow, spear and harpoon shafts, halibut hooks, digging sticks and sewing and knitting needles. Pioneers used the wood as pegs in place of nails. Medicinally, an infusion of dried seed was used to treat diarrhea and prevent contagious diseases. A poultice of oceanspray bark and leaves was applied to burns or sores.

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