Juncus balticus

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Distribution

Baltic rush occurs from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland, south to Virginia and west to Texas and California [2,87,102,197]. Mountain rush is distributed from Alaska south to California and east to Oklahoma, north to Montana. Mountain rush primarily grows in montane coniferous forests [19,197,216], coastal regions [90], or in the northern Great Plains [74,115]. Valley rush is found from Washington east to Montana and south to Wyoming and California. Valley rush occurs chiefly in montane regions, often alpine environments [90,197]. J. b. var. littoralis grows from North Dakota east to Maine and south to Virginia and Texas. It is most common around coastal areas and near the Great Lakes and other major watercourses [45,117,126,139,179,197].

Plants database provides a distributional map of Baltic rush and its infrataxa.

References:

2. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
19. Bolen, Eric G. 1964. Plant ecology of spring-fed salt marshes in western Utah. Ecological Monographs. 34(2): 143-166. [11214]
74. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
87. Hermann, Frederick J. 1975. Manual of the rushes (Juncus spp.) of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin. RM-18. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 107 p. [18542]
90. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
117. Looman, J. 1981. The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. III. Aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. Phytocoenologia. 9(4): 473-497. [18401]
126. McLaughlin, W. T. 1932. Atlantic coastal plain plants in the sand barrens of northwestern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs. 2(3): 335-383. [17126]
139. Moss, E. H. 1953. Marsh and bog vegetation in northwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 31(4): 448-470. [5117]
179. Snogerup, Sven; Zika, Peter F.; Kirschner, Jan. 2002. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Juncus. Preslia. 74: 247-266. [54093]
216. Wright, R. D.; Mooney, H. A. 1965. Substrate-oriented distribution of bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California. The American Midland Naturalist. 73(2): 257-284. [2628]
45. Cowles, Henry Chandler. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan [Part II]. Botanical Gazette. 27: 167-202. [53624]
102. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
115. Larson, Gary E. 1993. Aquatic and wetland vascular plants of the Northern Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 681 p. Available online: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/vascplnt/vascplnt.htm [2006, February 11]. [22534]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

States or Provinces

(key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATESAK AZ AR CA CO IDIL IN IA KS ME MDMA MI MN MO MT NENV NH NJ NM NY NDOH OK OR PA RI SDTX UT VT VA WA WVWI WY

CANADA

AB BC MB NB NF NTNS ON PE PQ SK YK

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Regional Distribution in the Western United States

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [16]:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

References:

16. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

Source:

License:

Missouri Botanical Garden

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Juncus balticus Willd.:
Argentina (South America)
Peru (South America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Morello. 1958. Opera Lilloana 2: 146.
Moore, D. M. & R. N. Goodall. 1977. Flora adventicia de Tierra del Fuego. An. Inst. Patagonia, Ci. Nat. 8: 273–274.
Ragonese, A. E. & G. Covas. 1947. La flora halofila del sur de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Darwiniana 7(3): 401–496.
Spegazzini, C. 1896. Contr. Fl. Sierra Vent.
Troiani, H. O., Steibel & Covas. 1982. Catálogo de las plantas acuáticas, anfibias y de suelos húmedos de la prov. de La Pampa. Bol. Centro Pampeano Est. Cis. Nat. y Agron. 4: 32–49.
Macbride, J. F. 1936. Juncaceae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 609–617.
Spegazzini, C. 1902. Nova addenda ad Floram Patagonicam. Partes 3 et 4. Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 7: 135–308.
Weatherby, C. A. 1948. In Moldenke. Lilloa 14: 67.
Moore, D. M. 1974. Plantas vasculares nativas de Tierra del Fuego. Anales Inst. Patagonia, Ser. Ci. Nat. 5(142): 107–119.
Dudley, T. R. 1983. Terrestrial Biology. II. Antarc. Res. Ser., Amer. Geophys. Union 37: 107.
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
Hickman, J. C. 1993. Jepson Man.: Higher Pl. Calif. i–xvii, 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Pontiroli, A. 1968. Juncaceae in A.L. Cabrera. 4(1): 483–500. In A. L. Cabrera Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Source:

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Unknown/Undetermined

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

Source:

NatureServe

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Rights Holder:

NatureServe

Morphology

Description

More info for the terms: graminoid, involucre, perfect

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available [2,21,53,55,71,74,83,88,115,125,141,179,187,208,211]

Baltic rush is a sod-forming, cool season, perennial graminoid [48,53,83,88,152,155,165,187]. At maturity, Baltic rush is 1.1 to 3.6 feet (0.4-1.1 m) tall and grows in small clusters [125,211]. The average life span of a Baltic rush plant is between 8 and 10 years [180]. Baltic rush has a low tolerance to drought [197]. The culms of Baltic rush are leafless, erect, terete, stout (1-6 mm thick), 14 to 43 inches (35-110 cm) tall, and arise from creeping rhizomes [76,187]. The culms of mountain rush and J. b. var. littoralis are generally shorter than Baltic rush. They measure 14 to 30 inches (35-80 cm) [74,115,136,179] and 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) tall, respectively [55,74,115,123,141]. With the exception of the involucre, Baltic rush is comprised solely of rounded, clustered basal leaves approximately 0.8 to 6 inches (2-15 cm) long [2,76,141,187,211]. Baltic rush produces 5 to 50 or more perfect flowers with the perianth segments 3 to 6 mm long [113,115,179,211]. J. b. var. littoralis produces fewer flowers than Baltic rush, generally 2 to 25 [179]. Seeds of Baltic rush and J. b. var. littoralis are striate capsules 0.4 to 1 mm tall and 0.4 mm wide [48,136,179,187].

The rhizomes of Baltic rush are usually found in shallow soil, but the root depth varies greatly. A study conducted in the Sheldon Antelope Refuge, Nevada, found that Baltic rush rhizomes never reached a depth greater than 4 inches (10 cm) but that large roots (>0.9 mm in diameter) and fine roots (<0.9 mm in diameter) often reach depths greater than 16 inches (40 cm) [121]. One study reports roots reaching depths of 20 inches (60 cm) [180]. Baltic rush has stringy, massive, slightly branched roots measuring 0.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter and not always broadest at the base. On many of the active roots a zone of hairs develops, which facilitate the intake of moisture [180]

References:

2. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
21. Booth, W. E. 1950. Flora of Montana. Part I: Conifers and monocots. Bozeman, MT: The Research Foundation at Montana State College. 232 p. [48662]
48. DeFilipps, Robert A. 1964. A taxonomic study of Juncus in Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist. 71(2): 296-319. [55964]
53. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Flora of the Black Hills. Cheyenne, WY: Robert D. Dorn and Jane L. Dorn. 377 p. [820]
55. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
71. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
74. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
76. Hagner, Asa; Wennstrom, Anders. 1997. Urocystis junci on Juncus balticus-first find in Sweden but is it rare? Nordic Journal of Botany. 17(5): 557-560. [54088]
83. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
113. Lacey, John; Mosley, John. 2002. 250 plants for range contests in Montana. MONTGUIDE MT198402 AG 6/2002. Range E-2 (Misc.). Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Extension Service. 4 p. [43671]
121. Manning, Mary E.; Swanson, Sherman R.; Svejcar, Tony; Trent, James. 1989. Rooting characteristics of four intermountain meadow community types. Journal of Range Management. 42(4): 309-312. [7977]
123. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37175]
125. Mason, Herbert L. 1957. A flora of the marshes of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 878 p. [16905]
141. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
155. Rejmankova, Eliska; Rejmanek, Marcel; Djohan, Tjut; Goldman, Charles R. 1999. Resistance and resilience of subalpine wetlands with respect to prolonged drought. Folia Geobotanica. 34: 175-188. [53347]
165. Sala, Anna; Nowak, Robert S. 1997. Ecophysiological responses of three riparian graminoids to changes in the soil water table. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 158(6): 835-843. [54139]
179. Snogerup, Sven; Zika, Peter F.; Kirschner, Jan. 2002. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Juncus. Preslia. 74: 247-266. [54093]
180. Stasiak, Jadwiga. 1994. Age structure of Juncus balticus Willd. coenopopulations and changes in individual's characters during primary succession. Ekologia Polska. 42(3-4): 173-205. [54083]
187. Stubbendieck, James; Hatch, Stephan L.; Butterfield, Charles H. 1992. North American range plants. 4th ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 493 p. [25162]
208. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
211. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
115. Larson, Gary E. 1993. Aquatic and wetland vascular plants of the Northern Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 681 p. Available online: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/vascplnt/vascplnt.htm [2006, February 11]. [22534]
136. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1986. [Revised edition]. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. 507 p. [17383]
152. Rainier Seeds, Inc. 2003. Catalog, [Online]. Davenport, WA: Rainer Seeds, Inc., (Producer). Available: http://www.rainerseeds.com [2003, February 14]. [27624]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Habitat

Habitat characteristics

More info for the term: marsh

Baltic rush occurs from sea level to subalpine zones in montane habitats [74,90,115] as well as in wet areas of Southwestern deserts [74,102] in wet meadows, along streambanks, rivers, lakes, ponds, bogs, sloughs, freshwater and brackish marshes and sometimes in dry flats and meadows [21,54,83,88,125,140,141,204,208,211]. J. b. var. littoralis is most common around coastal areas and near the Great Lakes and other major watercourses [45,117,126,139,179,197]. Mountain rush is characteristic on coastal, low montane, and northern Great Plains sites [74,90,115]. Valley rush is characteristic in montane habitats, often in alpine zones [90].

Soils: Baltic rush generally grows on poorly-drained sandy to silty loam soils, often with a thick organic layer [32,76,102,126,139,178]. It is adapted to coarse, medium, and fine textured soils [197]. Soil orders and suborders on which Baltic rush grows included Mollisols, Entisols, Borolls, Cryaquolls, Haploxerolls, Fluvaquentic Haploborolls, and aquic or calcic Cryoborolls [25,79,120]. Baltic rush is found in sites where the water level is from 4 inches (10 cm) above to 40 inches (100 cm) below the soil surface [25,143,185,221]. J. b. var. littoralis is found on sandy soils in the sand barrens of northwestern Wisconsin and shorelines of ponds and lakes in northwestern Alberta [126,139].

Baltic rush is well adapted to alkaline soils and environments [19,24,26,59,71,74,102,106,208]. Baltic rush has been found growing on highly alkaline soils with a pH greater than 8.4 in Glacier County, Montana [150]. In the northern prairie potholes region of the United States and Canada, Baltic rush can withstand salinity levels measured as specific conductivity (mS) between 0.1 and 20.1 in temporarily, seasonally, and semipermanently flooded and saturated water or moisture regimes [100]. In the peatlands at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan, J. b. var. littoralis growth was most successful in soils with a pH level of 5.0-5.9. It was found to a lower extent in pH soils of 6.0 to 6.9 and 7.0 to 7.9, respectively [98].

Baltic rush grows on soils with a pH level ranging from 7.8 to 9.1 in a western Utah salt marsh. Maximum, median, and minimum soil pH levels at 3 depths in rush meadow and rush border communities where Baltic rush is the dominant species are presented below [19]:

Plant communitySoil depth0 to 6 inches 7 to 12 inches 13 to 24 inches Juncus meadowMaximum8.99.09.0Median8.58.78.8Minimum8.38.38.5Juncus borderMaximum8.99.19.1Median8.48.88.9Minimum7.87.98.5

Baltic rush is a dominant species in saline meadows surrounding Goshen Bay in Utah County, UT. Soil constituents of the saline meadows are presented below [175]:

Soil moisture (%)29.5Organic matter (%)9.1pH (mean)8.08Conductivity (mS/cm)7660.0Soluble salts (mg/l)4902.0Calcium (mg/)3850.0Magnesium (mg/l)1380.0Sodium (mg/l)2029.0Potassium (mg/l)758.0Copper (mg/l)2.3Iron (mg/l)11.6Manganese (mg/l)13.2Zinc (mg/l)2.9Total nitrogen (mg/l)2490.0Phosphorus (mg/l)8.5

Elevation: Baltic rush grows at a wide range of elevations from sea level in Oregon and California [22,41,125,202,203] to over 12,000 feet (3,658 m) in Colorado [83,91,114]. Elevational ranges for Baltic rush in several states/provinces are presented below:

States/Provinces

Elevation

California0 to 10,000 feet [22,41,88,125,140,141]Colorado3,500 to 12,500 feet [83,91,114]Montana4,000 to 8,900 feet [150]Nebraska2,370 to 3,000 feet [194]Nevada1,600 to 8,000 feet [14,102]New Mexico4,500 to 9,000 feet [123]North Dakota2,000 to 2,600 feet [80]Oregon0 to 6,100 feet [202,203]Utah2,790 to 10,200 feet [19,71,208]Washington600 to 7,350 feet [108,189] Wyoming5,000 to 10,000 feet [12,25,34,49]Yukon Territory1,395 to 5,610 feet [105]

Climate: Baltic rush grows in a wide range of precipitation and temperature zones and requires a minimum of 90 frost free days for growth [197]. Average yearly precipitation extremes where Baltic rush communities are found range from 7.13 inches (181 mm) in Juab County, Utah [19] to 45 inches (1,140 mm) in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah [99]. Temperature extremes range from over 120 Â°F (49 Â°C) at Afton Canyon in the Mojave Desert, California [119], to Â50 Â°F (Â46 Â°C) at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming [73].

References:

24. Braidek, J. T.; Fedec, P.; Jones, D. 1984. Field survey of halophytic plants of disturbed sites on the Canadian prairies. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 64: 745-751. [24018]
12. Bayer, Randall J. 1992. Allozyme variation, genecology, and phytogeography of Antennaria arcuata (Asteraceae), a rare species from the Red Desert with small disjunct populations. American Journal of Botany. 79(8): 872-881. [19778]
14. Beck, Jeffrey L.; Peek, James M. 2004. Herbage productivity and ungulate use of northeastern Nevada mountain meadows. Journal of Range Management. 57(4): 376-383. [50075]
19. Bolen, Eric G. 1964. Plant ecology of spring-fed salt marshes in western Utah. Ecological Monographs. 34(2): 143-166. [11214]
21. Booth, W. E. 1950. Flora of Montana. Part I: Conifers and monocots. Bozeman, MT: The Research Foundation at Montana State College. 232 p. [48662]
22. Bowcutt, Frederica S. 1999. A floristic study of Sugarloaf Ridge State Park, Sonoma County, California. Aliso. 18(1): 19-34. [40636]
25. Brichta, Paul Harold. 1986. Environmental relationships among wetland community types of the Northern Range, Yellowstone National Park. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 74 p. Thesis. [6727]
26. Brotherson, Jack D. 1981. Aquatic and semiaquatic vegetation of Utah Lake and its bays. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 5: 68-84. [11212]
32. Chambers, Jeanne C.; Sidle, Roy C. 1991. Fate of heavy metals in an abandoned lead-zinc tailings pond: I. Vegetation. Journal of Environmental Quality. 20(4): 745-751. [34948]
34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
41. Cornelius, Donald R.; Talbot, M. W. 1955. Rangeland improvement through seeding and weed control on east slope Sierra Nevada and on southern Cascade Mountains. Agric. Handb. 88. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 51 p. [7510]
49. Despain, Don G. 1990. Yellowstone vegetation: Consequences of environment and history in a natural setting. Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart, Inc. 239 p. [19374]
54. Dorn, Robert D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 276 p. [819]
59. Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1987. The Smithsonian guide to seaside plants of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Louisiana to Massachusetts, exclusive of lower peninsular Florida. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 409 p. [12906]
71. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
73. Graham, Dean Chalmus. 1978. Grizzly bear distribution, use of habitats, food habits and habitat characterization in Pelican and Hayden Valleys, Yellowstone National Park. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 124 p. Thesis. [5165]
74. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
76. Hagner, Asa; Wennstrom, Anders. 1997. Urocystis junci on Juncus balticus-first find in Sweden but is it rare? Nordic Journal of Botany. 17(5): 557-560. [54088]
80. Hanson, Herbert C.; Whitman, Warren. 1938. Characteristics of major grassland types in western North Dakota. Ecological Monographs. 8(2): 57-114. [15]
83. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc. 666 p. [6851]
88. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
90. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
91. Hobbs, N. Thompson; Baker, Dan L.; Ellis, James E.; Swift, David M. 1981. Composition and quality of elk winter diets in Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management. 45(1): 156-171. [7421]
98. Jeglum, John K. 1971. Plant indicators of pH and water level in peatlands at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Botany. 49: 1661-1676. [7450]
99. Johnston, Robert S.; Doty, Robert D. 1972. Description and hydrologic analysis of two small watersheds in Utah's Wasatch Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-127. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 53 p. [8189]
100. Kantrud, Harold A.; Millar, John B.; van der Valk, A. G. 1989. Vegetation of wetlands of the prairie pothole region. In: van der Valk, Arnold, ed. Northern prairie wetlands. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press: 132-187. [15217]
105. Kershaw, G. Peter; Kershaw, Linda J. 1987. Successful plant colonizers on disturbances in tundra areas of northwestern Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research. 19(4): 451-460. [6115]
106. Kinney, John W.; Clary, Warren P. 1994. A photographic utilization guide for key riparian graminoids. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-308. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p. [29111]
108. Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. 2004. Classification and management of aquatic, riparian, and wetland sites on the national forests of eastern Washington: series description. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-593. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 354 p. [53329]
114. Langenheim, Jean H. 1962. Vegetation and environmental patterns in the Crested Butte area, Gunnison County, Colorado. Ecological Monographs. 32(2): 249-285. [1399]
117. Looman, J. 1981. The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. III. Aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. Phytocoenologia. 9(4): 473-497. [18401]
119. Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Egan, Thomas B.; de Gouvenain, Roland C. 1994. Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies. In: Environmental stewardship through weed control: Proceedings, 46th annual California Weed Science Society conference; 1994 January 17-19; San Jose, California. No. 46. Fremont, CA: California Weed Science Society: 166-177. [44086]
120. Lura, Charles L.; Barker, William T.; Nyren, Paul E. 1988. Range plant communities of the Central Grasslands Research Station in south central North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. 20(4): 177-192. [7224]
123. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37175]
125. Mason, Herbert L. 1957. A flora of the marshes of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 878 p. [16905]
126. McLaughlin, W. T. 1932. Atlantic coastal plain plants in the sand barrens of northwestern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs. 2(3): 335-383. [17126]
139. Moss, E. H. 1953. Marsh and bog vegetation in northwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 31(4): 448-470. [5117]
140. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
141. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
143. Padgett, Wayne George. 1981. Ecology of riparian plant communities in southern Malheur National Forest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 143 p. Thesis. [14933]
150. Rabe, Fred W.; Chadde, Steve W. 1994. Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 175-187. [23962]
175. Shupe, J. B.; Brotherson, J. D.; Rushforth, S. R. 1986. Patterns of vegetation surrounding springs in Goshen Bay, Utah County, Utah, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia. 139: 97-107. [17321]
178. Smith, P.H. 1984. The distribution, status and conservation of Juncus balticus Willd. in England. Watsonia. 15(1): 15-26. [54087]
179. Snogerup, Sven; Zika, Peter F.; Kirschner, Jan. 2002. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Juncus. Preslia. 74: 247-266. [54093]
185. Stromberg, J. C.; Tiller, R.; Richter, B. 1996. Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: the San Pedro, Arizona. Ecological Applications. 6(1): 113-131. [48991]
189. Sveum, Colin M.; Crawford, John A.; Edge, W. Daniel. 1998. Use and selection of brood-rearing habitat by sage grouse in south central Washington. Great Basin Naturalist. 58(4): 344-351. [31098]
194. Tolstead, W. L. 1942. Vegetation of the northern part of Cherry County, Nebraska. Ecological Monographs. 12: 255-292. [4470]
202. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Guidelines for forage resource evaluation within the central Oregon Pumice Zone. R6-Ecol-177-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 216 p. [12497]
203. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. R6-ECOL-104-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 138 p. [7341]
204. Voss, Edward G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I: Gymnosperms and monocots. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium. 488 p. [11471]
208. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
211. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
221. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Padgett, Wayne G.; Winward, Alma H. 1985. Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho - western Wyoming. R4-Ecol-85-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 78 p. [2686]
45. Cowles, Henry Chandler. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan [Part II]. Botanical Gazette. 27: 167-202. [53624]
79. Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John; [and others]. 1989. Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana. Draft Version 2. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Riparian Association. 292 p. [8900]
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Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the terms: association, bog, cactus, constancy, cover, forb, forbs, frequency, marsh, mesic, presence, tundra

Baltic rush occurs in numerous habitat and community types. In mixed and deciduous forests it is often found with willow (Salix spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) species. In grassland and streambank communities common associates include Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis) and sedge (Carex spp.) species. On alkaline soils Baltic rush and J. b. var. littoralis often occur with saltgrass (Distichlis spicata).

Northwest: Baltic rush occurs in deciduous and mixed forests, salt marshes, shrub- and grassland, streambank, and tundra communities.

Deciduous and mixed forests: Baltic rush is a dominant species with Kentucky bluegrass on subirrigated sandy rangeland along the shoreline of Beaverhill Lake, approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of Edmonton. Baltic rush occurs at a frequency of 35%. As lake levels have receded the past 60 years exposing new soil, the Baltic rush-Kentucky bluegrass association colonized the uplands but was invaded by balsam popular (Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera), quaking aspen (P. tremuloides), Bebb willow (S. bebbiana), pussy willow (S. discolor), meadow willow (S. petiolaris), and fall willow (S. serissima). Common understory forbs and grasses included Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), manyflowered aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides var. pansum), and slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) [8].

Salt marsh communities: A Baltic rush-Pacific silverweed-tufted hairgrass (Argentina egedii ssp. egedii-Deschampsia cespitosa) union is described for the Salmon River estuary in northwest Oregon [67]. The J. b. var. littoralis-clustered field sedge-balsam groundsel (Carex praegracilis-Packera paupercula) association is common in Canadian prairie province salt marshes and meadows and Baltic rush is found in transition zones from salt to freshwater in the common river grass (Scolochloa festucacea) association [117,118]. Baltic rush occurs as a dominant species at Sand Lake, an estuary on the Oregon Coast 12 miles (19 km) south of Tillamook [193]. On the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Baltic rush is a dominant species with Pacific silverweed [148].

Shrub- and grassland communities:Baltic rush's presence in Kentucky bluegrass communities is noted by numerous authors [8,18,23,35,36,61,106,117,130,131,177,201,202,203,210]. Baltic rush occurs as a dominant species in late-spring and early-summer flooded-meadows at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. Other dominant grass, sedge, rush (Juncus spp.), and forb species in the area include redtop (Agrostis gigantea), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), meadow barley (Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum), timothy (Phleum pratense), slenderbeak sedge (C. athrostachya), needleleaf sedge (C. duriuscula), Sierra rush (J. nevadensis), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), horse cinquefoil (Potentilla hippiana), and chaffweed (Anagallis minima) [42]. Baltic rush is common in sedge-dominated wet mountain meadows of Wyoming [43] and in the beaked sedge (C. rostrata) community type in Montana where it has an average canopy cover of 31% and a constancy of 24% [78]. Baltic rush is characteristic on the northern Alberta range and cultivated grasslands as is plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii), rough fescue (F. altaica), and shortbristle needle-and-thread (Hesperostipa curtiseta) [89]. In the Slave River Lowlands, Northwest Territories, Baltic rush is a dominant species on dry meadows with a mean occurrence of 44% [149]. Baltic rush grows on rough fescue-Parry's oatgrass (Danthonia parryi) dominated grasslands in Banff and Jasper national parks, Alberta [184]. Baltic rush occupies sites in southern Wyoming and southwestern Montana where mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) and Wyoming big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. wyomingensis) are the dominant species [188,206]. In Glacier National Park, Montana, Baltic rush has a 1% canopy cover value in timothy-dominated grasslands [195]. A Baltic rush emergent community occurs as a narrow band between alkaline or upland communities and more mesic tufted hairgrass communities at the Chilly Slough Wetland Conservation Area in central Idaho [217].

Streambank communities: Baltic rush is one of several dominant plant species along streambanks in Harney County, Oregon. Baltic rush is interspersed with Nebraska sedge (C. nebrascensis), wooly sedge (C. lanuginosa), Kentucky bluegrass, and redtop [23]. Plant species listed above are found at Wet Creek in east-central Idaho as well, as are beaked sedge, water sedge (C. aquatilis), smallwing sedge (C. microptera), western mountain aster (Symphyotrichum spathulatum var. spathulatum), Rocky Mountain iris (Iris missouriensis), and longleaf phlox (Phlox longifolia). The most prolific woody plants at Wet Creek include Booth's willow (Salix boothii), Geyer willow (S. geyeriana), shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora floribunda), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), currant (Ribes spp.), and water birch (Betula occidentalis) [36]. The Baltic rush-Douglas' sedge (C. douglasii) association is common along the banks of Mann Creek in west-central Idaho [122]. Baltic rush is a dominant rush species with an average cover value of 63.8% and frequency value of 100% along Silver Bow Creek in western Montana [169].

Tundra communities: Baltic rush occurs in the Yukon Territory in borrow pits. The disturbed sites were created by the extraction of fill for construction of the Dempster Highway and the Canadian Oil (CANOL) Pipeline and road system. The mean cover value for Baltic rush at the Dempster and CANOL sites are 4.11% and 17.37%, respectively [105].

Southwest: Baltic rush is found in coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests, shrub- and grassland, salt marsh, and streambank communities.

Coniferous forests: Baltic rush is sometimes present in patches or scattered clumps in interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) ranges in Colorado [44]. Baltic rush is found in wet and dry meadows invaded by Sierra lodgepole pine (P. contorta var. murrayana) in Yosemite National Park, California. Cover value of Baltic rush in Sierra lodgepole pine stands ranges from 0.5% to 5.0% [86]. Baltic rush is a dominant species in meadows surrounded by shore pine (P. c. var. contorta), Pacific ponderosa pine (P. p. var. ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), and white fir (Abies concolor) mixed forests located near Big Grizzly Creek, northern California [94]. Mountain rush occurs in Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) forests in the White Mountains of California between 9,500 feet (2,900 m) and 11,000 feet (3,400 m) [216]

Deciduous and mixed forests:Baltic rush is an understory species in New Mexico Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow (Populus fremontii-S. gooddingii) forests along the Rio Grande River [30]. The sandbar willow (S. exigua)-Baltic rush community type occurs along stretches of the Rio Grande River [60]. Baltic rush is a dominant species in Arizona Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow forests along the San Pedro River [186]. In central New Mexico, Baltic rush occurs along and near the Pecos River in Colorado pinyon-oneseed juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) and interior ponderosa pine-Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) woodlands [32].

Shrub- and grassland communities:Baltic rush's presence in Kentucky bluegrass communities is noted by several authors [32,33,35,62,92,128,137,145,153]. Baltic rush is common along spring-fed cattle trough drainageways in mountain big sagebrush and low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) communities in northeastern Nevada [14]. Baltic rush's presence in mountain sagebrush communities in the Sierra Nevada of California and the Wasatch Mountains of Utah is also noted [41,82,218]. In Arizona's Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Baltic rush grows around springs with beaked spikerush (Eleocharis rostellata), Olney threesquare (Scirpus americanus), curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa), Parish's desert-thorn (Lycium parishii), and lotebush (Ziziphus obtusifolia) [15,147]. Baltic rush is common in sedge-dominated mountain wet meadows of Colorado [43].

CiÃ©negas are unique freshwater wetlands found in semiarid grasslands of Arizona. Baltic rush occurs on dry soils on the periphery of ciÃ©negas which lack canopy cover and are dominated by deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens) and great ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) [46]. Baltic rush is a dominant species on ancient lake sediments in the Ruby Valley, Nevada [133]. Baltic rush is a dominant species with 86.6% frequency and 16.3% coverage in dry meadows near North Cat Creek, western Nevada [168]. Baltic rush is found on Rocky Mountain iris-dominated meadows on Mount Pinos, California [200]. In Nevada, Baltic rush occurs on alkali flats and wet alkaline soil with saltbush (Atriplex spp.), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and in pinyon-juniper (Juniperus spp.) and California red fir (Abies magnifica) communities [102].

Salt marsh communities:Baltic rush is a dominant species in rush meadow and rush border communities within spring-fed salt marshes in Juab County, Utah. Rush border communities are described as strips of vegetation (from a few inches to several feet) bordering the winding shorelines of numerous sloughs in the study area. In rush meadow and border communities, Baltic rush frequency is 100% and average density/ftÂ² is 23.2 and 37.2, respectively. Common associated species in rush meadow and border communities include saltgrass, alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), and common reed (Phragmites australis). Further species found in rush meadows include Utah swampfire (Sarcocornia utahensis), iodinebush (Allenrolfea occidentalis), and fiddleleaf hawksbeard (Crepis runcinata). Mountain rush occurs exclusively in the saltgrass-alkali sacaton community with a frequency of 20% and an average density/ftÂ² of 1.8 [19]. Baltic rush (16% cover) is a dominant species in the mixed grass-sedge-rush meadows surrounding Utah Lake, Utah [26,27,28]. Baltic rush (49.0% mean cover value) is dominant in salt meadows of Goshen Bay in Utah County, Utah [175].

Streambank communities: Baltic rush is an important understory species in planeleaf (Salix planifolia), Geyer, peachleaf (S. amygdaloides), coyote (S. exigua ssp. exigua var. exigua), and yellow willow (S. lutea) communities along Sheep Creek in northern Larimer County, CO [92]. Baltic rush is a dominant species in Afton Canyon located in the lower Mojave River drainage of the western Mojave Desert, California [119]. Baltic rush is common in southern cattail (Typha domingensis)-common reed-dominated wet meadows along the Colorado River, Arizona [182].

North-central/South-central: Baltic rush and J. b. var. littoralis are found in grassland, lakeshore, and salt marsh communities.

Grassland communities:J. b. var. littoralis is found in the Nebraska sandhills [126]. Baltic rush is a common associate in sedge meadows in the upper Midwest [156]. Baltic rush is a common associated species on red fescue (F. rubra) dominated meadows on the Hudson Bay lowlands of northern Manitoba [161]. Baltic rush also occurs in the Nebraska sandhills which are dominated by prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), sand bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) [170,194]. Baltic rush is found in swales with and without western prairie fringed orchid (Platanhera praeclara) in the Sheyenne National Grassland, North Dakota [17]. In swales with orchids, Baltic rush's average canopy cover is 5.4% and 1.7% in swales without orchids [212]. Baltic rush is commonly a dominant species on hayed, temporarily flooded plains and prairies in the northern prairie potholes region of the United States and Canada [100]. Baltic rush is widespread and characteristic in wetter, poorly-drained areas of the tallgrass prairies of the United States and Canada, a community type that stretches from southern Manitoba to south-central and eastern Texas where it contacts the coastal prairie [109,176].

Lakeshore communities:J. b. var. littoralis is described at the most characteristic plant surrounding pool margins on the upper beach of Lake Michigan [45]. It is a dominant species on the broad sand beaches of lakes in northwestern Wisconsin, an area known as the "sand barrens" [126]. Baltic rush occurs with an average frequency of 1% and a constancy of 10% in little bluestem dominated grasslands at Point Beach State Forest, Two Rivers, Wisconsin [198].

Salt marsh communities: The J. b. var. littoralis-clustered field sedge-balsam groundsel association is common in Canadian prairie province salt marshes and meadows, and Baltic rush is found in transition zones from salt to freshwater in the common river grass association [117,118].

Northeast: Baltic rush and J. b. var. littoralis are found in lakeshore, pond, and salt marsh communities.

Lakeshore and pond communities:Baltic rush, chaffy sedge (Carex paleacea), marsh straw sedge (C. hormathodes), and prairie cordgrass are dominant species along the Saint Lawrence River, southern Quebec [162]. J. b. var. littoralis is indicative of wet meadows in the Mendon Ponds Park, New York [172]

Salt marsh communities: Baltic rush is a dominant species in willow thickets in salt marshes of James Bay, Ontario [70]

Baltic rush is recognized as a dominant species in the following vegetation classifications and locations:

United States

AZ:
San Pedro River [186]

CA:
Dog and Slinkard Creek [58]
Big Grizzly Creek [94,165]
Afton Canyon [119]

CO:
Sheep Creek [62]
Manitou Experimental Forest grasslands and open meadows [137]

ID:
Wet Creek [36]
Mann Creek [122]
Summit Creek [129,130,131,151]
Elk Meadows [150]
Texas Creek [151]
Chilly Slough Wetland Conservation Area [217]

MT:
Silver Bow Creek [169]

Northern prairie potholes region [100]

NV:
Birch, Kingston, and Barley creeks [58]
Deer Creek [128]
Ruby Valley [133]
North Cat Creek meadow [168]

OR:
Harney County streambanks [23]
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge [42]
Salmon River Estuary [67]
Sand Lake [193]
Meadow Creek [201]
Pumice zone wet meadows [202,203]

UT:
Salt marshes, Juab County [19]
Utah Lake meadows [26,27,28]
Goshen Bay salt meadows [175]

WA:
Potholes area [84]

Canada

AB:
Beaverhill Lake [8]

BC:
Vancouver Island salt marsh [148]

NT:
Slave River Lowlands [149]

ON:
James Bay salt marshes [70]

PQ:
St. Lawrence River [162]

J. b. var. littoralis is recognized as a dominant species in the following vegetation classifications and locations:

United States

Lake Michigan upper beaches [45]

WI:
Sand barrens [126]

Canada

AB:
Prairie province salt marshes [117]
Northwestern bog and marsh communities [139]

SK:
Prairie province salt marshes [117]

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151. Rabe, Fred W.; Elzinga, Caryl; Breckenridge, Roy. 1994. Classification of meandering glide and spring stream natural areas in Idaho. Natural Areas Journal. 14(3): 188-202. [23961]
153. Ratliff, Raymond D. 1993. Sierra Nevada meadows: species alpha diversity. Res. Note PSW-RN-415. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 5 p. [24411]
156. Reuter, D. Dayton. 1986. Sedge meadows of the Upper Midwest: a stewardship summary. Natural Areas Journal. 6(4): 27-34. [20295]
161. Ritchie, J. C. 1957. The vegetation of northern Manitoba. II. A prisere on the Hudson Bay lowlands. Ecology. 38(3): 429-435. [10552]
162. Robert, Michel; Laporte, Pierre; Benoit, Rejean. 2000. Summer habitat of yellow rails, Coturnicops noveboracensis, along the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist. 114(4): 628-635. [53990]
165. Sala, Anna; Nowak, Robert S. 1997. Ecophysiological responses of three riparian graminoids to changes in the soil water table. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 158(6): 835-843. [54139]
168. Savage, David E. 1969. Relation of sage grouse to upland meadows in Nevada. Job Completion Report: Federal Aid in Wildlife Project No. W-39-R-9. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Nevada Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 101 p. [36877]
169. Sawyer, Paul T. 1986. Two plant associations that occur on tailings along Silver Bow Creek, Butte, Montana. In: Rumely, John H., ed. Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences: 46th annual meeting; 1986 April 4-5; Dillon, MT. Volume 46. Missoula, MT: University of Montana: 55-65. [53379]
172. Shanks, Royal E.; Goodwin, Richard H. 1943. Notes on the flora of Monroe County, New York. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science. 8(5-6): 299-331. [49682]
175. Shupe, J. B.; Brotherson, J. D.; Rushforth, S. R. 1986. Patterns of vegetation surrounding springs in Goshen Bay, Utah County, Utah, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia. 139: 97-107. [17321]
176. Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Bjugstad, Ardell J. 1994. Five years of following the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) on the Sheyenne National Grassland, North Dakota. In: Wickett, Robert G.; Lewis, Patricia Dolan; Woodliffe, Allen; Pratt, Paul, eds. Spirit of the land, our prairie legacy: Proceedings, 13th North American prairie conference; 1992 August 6-9; Windsor, ON. Windsor, ON: Department of Parks and Recreation: 141-146. [24685]
177. Skovlin, Jon M.; Strickler, Gerald S.; Peterson, Jesse L.; Sampson, Arthur W. 2001. Interpreting landscape change in high mountains of northeastern Oregon from long-term repeat photography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-505. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 78 p. [40256]
182. Stevens, Lawrence E.; Schmidt, John C.; Ayers, Tina J.; Brown, Bryan T. 1995. Flow regulation, geomorphology, and Colorado River marsh development in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecological Applications. 5(4): 1025-1039. [48984]
184. Stringer, P. W. 1973. An ecological study of grasslands in Banff, Jasper, and Waterton Lakes national parks. Canadian Journal of Botany. 51: 383-411. [35357]
186. Stromberg, Mark R.; Kephart, Paul; Yadon, Vern. 2001. Composition, invasibility, and diversity in coastal California grasslands. Madrono. 48(4): 236-252. [41371]
188. Sturges, David L. 1989. Response of mountain big sagebrush to induced snow accumulation. Journal of Applied Ecology. 26: 1035-1041. [11841]
193. Tjepkema, J. D.; Evans, H. J. 1976. Nitrogen fixation associated with Juncus balticus and other plants of Oregon wetlands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 8(6): 505-509. [54086]
194. Tolstead, W. L. 1942. Vegetation of the northern part of Cherry County, Nebraska. Ecological Monographs. 12: 255-292. [4470]
195. Tyser, Robin W. 1992. Vegetation associated with two alien plant species in a fescue grassland in Glacier National Park, Montana. The Great Basin Naturalist. 52(2): 189-193. [20022]
198. van Denack, Julia Marie. 1961. An ecological analysis of the sand dune complex in Point Beach State Forest, Two Rivers, Wisconsin. Botanical Gazette. 122(3): 155-174. [49642]
200. Vogl, Richard J.; Miller, Brian C. 1968. The vegetational composition of the south slope of Mt. Pinos, California. Madrono. 19(7): 225-288. [31340]
201. Volland, Leonard A. 1978. Trends in standing crop and species composition of a rested Kentucky bluegrass meadow over an 11-year period. In: Proceedings--1st international rangeland congress. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 526-529. [3834]
202. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Guidelines for forage resource evaluation within the central Oregon Pumice Zone. R6-Ecol-177-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 216 p. [12497]
203. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. R6-ECOL-104-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 138 p. [7341]
206. Walhof, Kendal Scott. 1997. A comparison of burned and unburned big sagebrush communities in southwest Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 74 p. Thesis. [46902]
210. Whysong, Gary L.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1975. Production and N content of herbage in a silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata) community compared to adjacent grassland and forest communities. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 55(3): 801-808. [23668]
212. Wolken, Paige M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Williams, Stephen E. 2001. Quantifying suitable habitat of the threatened western prairie fringed orchid. Journal of Range Management. 54(5): 611-616. [54140]
216. Wright, R. D.; Mooney, H. A. 1965. Substrate-oriented distribution of bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California. The American Midland Naturalist. 73(2): 257-284. [2628]
218. Young, James A. 1989. Intermountain shrubsteppe plant communities--pristine and grazed. In: Western raptor management symposium and workshop: Proceedings; 1987 October 26-28; Boise, ID. Scientific Technical Series No. 12. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation: 3-14. [25377]
45. Cowles, Henry Chandler. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan [Part II]. Botanical Gazette. 27: 167-202. [53624]
78. Hansen, Paul L.; Pfister, Robert D.; Boggs, Keith; [and others]. 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites. Miscellaneous Publication No. 54. Missoula, MT: The University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 646 p. [24768]
102. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
147. Pinkava, Donald J.; Baker, Marc A.; Johnson, Robert A.; [and others]. 1992. Additions, notes and chromosome numbers for the flora of vascular plants of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 24-25: 13-18. [18256]
170. Schacht, Walter H.; Volesky, Jerry D.; Bauer, Dennis; [and others]. 2000. Plant community patterns on upland prairie in the eastern Nebraska sandhills. The Prairie Naturalist. 32(1): 43-58. [40222]
217. Yeo, Jeffrey J. 2002. Vegetation communities of the Chilly Slough Wetland Conservation Area. Technical Bulletin No. 02-5. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office. 31 p. Available: http://www.id.blm.gov/techbuls/02_05/doc.pdf [2003, September 18]. [45251]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, lichen, mesic, shrub, tussock, vine

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [174]:
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
103 Green fescue
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
106 Bluegrass scabland
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
108 Alpine Idaho fescue
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
211 Creosote bush scrub
212 Blackbush
213 Alpine grassland
214 Coastal prairie
215 Valley grassland
216 Montane meadows
217 Wetlands
301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass
309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
406 Low sagebrush
407 Stiff sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
409 Tall forb
410 Alpine rangeland
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
418 Bigtooth maple
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
501 Saltbush-greasewood
502 Grama-galleta
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
506 Creosotebush-bursage
507 Palo verde-cactus
508 Creosotebush-tarbush
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
601 Bluestem prairie
602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed
603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass
604 Bluestem-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
610 Wheatgrass
611 Blue grama-buffalo grass
612 Sagebrush-grass
613 Fescue grassland
614 Crested wheatgrass
615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
708 Bluestem-dropseed
709 Bluestem-grama
710 Bluestem prairie
711 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalo grass
716 Grama-feathergrass
718 Mesquite-grama
720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains)
722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton
726 Cordgrass
731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma
732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
733 Juniper-oak
734 Mesquite-oak
735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper
801 Savanna
802 Missouri prairie
803 Missouri glades
804 Tall fescue
805 Riparian
ALASKAN RANGELANDS
902 Alpine herb
903 Beach wildrye-mixed forb
908 Fescue
909 Freshwater marsh
910 Hairgrass
911 Lichen tundra
914 Mesic sedge-grass-herb meadow tundra
915 Mixed herb-herbaceous
916 Sedge-shrub tundra
917 Tall shrub swamp
918 Tussock tundra
919 Wet meadow tundra
920 White spruce-paper birch
921 Willow

References:

174. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Cover Types

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [63]:
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce-tamarack
14 Northern pin oak
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch-red maple
22 White pine-hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock-yellow birch
25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch
31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce-balsam fir
35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
42 Bur oak
46 Eastern redcedar
50 Black locust
52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak
63 Cottonwood
68 Mesquite
69 Sand pine
107 White spruce
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
201 White spruce
202 White spruce-paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
224 Western hemlock
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
251 White spruce-aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce-white spruce
254 Black spruce-paper birch
255 California coast live oak
256 California mixed subalpine

References:

63. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Plant Associations

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, shrub

KUCHLER [111] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K009 Pine-cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak-juniper woodland
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood
K041 Creosote bush
K042 Creosote bush-bur sage
K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub
K044 Creosote bush-tarbush
K046 Desert: vegetation largely lacking
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalo grass
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K084 Cross Timbers
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K100 Oak-hickory forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest
K115 Sand pine scrub

References:

111. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]

Source:

License:

Habitat: Ecosystem

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [68]:
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine

References:

68. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; Lewis, Mont E.; Smith, Dixie R. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

General Ecology

Fire Management Considerations

More info for the terms: fire tolerant, prescribed fire

Since Baltic rush re-establishes quickly after fire [8,82,149,206,214,215,220,220], prescribed fire can be used as a management tool to promote its growth. Some research does suggest, however, that while fire does not completely destroy Baltic rush seed banks, it does have a detrimental effect on them [34,207]. If fire is chosen as a management tool for Baltic rush, managers should be cognizant of potential negative effects on associated or surrounding vegetation. For instance, Baltic rush is a dominant species in Afton Canyon located in the lower Mojave River drainage of the western Mojave Desert, California. In the past several decades the area has been infested by the drought-deciduous saltcedar which is highly fire tolerant and may expand after disturbances such as fire and severely reduce native plant coverage [119].

References:

8. Bailey, Arthur W.; Anderson, Howard G. 1979. Brush control on sandy rangelands in central Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 32(1): 29-32. [3387]
34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
82. Hargis, Christina; McCarthy, Clinton. 1986. Vegetation changes following a prescribed burn on a Great Basin meadow. Transactions, Western Section of the Wildlife Society. 22: 47-51. [15955]
119. Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Egan, Thomas B.; de Gouvenain, Roland C. 1994. Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies. In: Environmental stewardship through weed control: Proceedings, 46th annual California Weed Science Society conference; 1994 January 17-19; San Jose, California. No. 46. Fremont, CA: California Weed Science Society: 166-177. [44086]
149. Quinlan, Allyson; Dale, Mark R. T.; Gates, C. Cormack. 2003. Effects of prescribed burning on herbaceous and woody vegetation in northern lowland meadows. Restoration Ecology. 11(3): 343-350. [54138]
206. Walhof, Kendal Scott. 1997. A comparison of burned and unburned big sagebrush communities in southwest Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 74 p. Thesis. [46902]
207. Wehking, Pamela Mebine. 2002. The role of the seedbank in the restoration of a basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian ecosystem to a dry meadow. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 35 p. Thesis. [44721]
214. Wright, J. Michael; Chambers, Jeanne C. 2002. Restoring riparian meadows currently dominated by Artemisia using alternative state concepts--aboveground vegetation response. Applied Vegetation Science. 5: 237-246. [47381]
215. Wright, Johnnie Michael. 2001. Restoring sagebrush-dominated riparian corridors using threshold and alternative state concepts: aboveground vegetation response. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 54 p. Thesis. [45250]
220. Young, Richard P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. Thesis. [3745]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: controlled burn, cover, frequency, prescribed burn, prescribed fire, restoration, shrub, shrubs

Prescribed fire was used to control an invasive mixed poplar-willow forest on Baltic rush-Kentucky bluegrass grasslands in central Alberta along the shore of Beaverhill Lake. Burning occurred on 18 May, 1971, on four 0.62-acre (0.25 ha) plots. Five years after the controlled burn, Baltic rush canopy cover was significantly (p<0.05) higher on burned plots (60%) than unburned plots (35%) [8].

In the fall of 1981, a 64-acre (26-ha) plot of Great Basin meadow at Inyo National Forest, California, underwent a prescribed burn to restore brush-encroached meadows. Baltic rush's average coverage significantly (p<0.01) increased on burned dry meadow plots and increased as well on burned wet meadow plots but not significantly [82]:

1982 1983 1984 1985 Dry meadow average coverage (%) 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 Wet meadow average coverage (%) 12.0 13.0 12.0 14.0

To control basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata) in the Toiyabe Mountain Range of central Nevada, 2 plots measuring 2430 feetÂ² (740 mÂ²) and 2950 feetÂ² (900 mÂ²) on a wet site were burned and plots of equal size were left unburned and used as a control. The prescribed burn occurred from 19 to 21 October, 1996, top-killing all shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. After 3 years, Baltic rush mean biomass (grams/mÂ²) was greater on the burned undershrub and interspace sites than on the unburned undershrub and interspace sites [214,215]:

Site Burned Unburned Undershrub 4.2 1.5 Interspace 5.2 2.0

Martha Lake Field is located within the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. On 20 October, 1981, a prescribed fire was set in a Baltic rush dominated wetland. In 1982, April through August, mean shoot height (cm Â± s) and growth rate (cm/day) were recorded in the burn and control (unburned) sites. Baltic rush plants in the burned area were found to have a greater height and growth rate than those in the control site [220]:

Date

Period (days)

Burned Control Height (cm Â± s) Growth rate (cm/day) Height (cm Â± s) Growth rate (cm/day) 22 April 1982 --- 7Â±5 --- 6Â±4 --- 29 May 1982 37 17Â±6 0.3 15Â±6 0.3 3 July 1982 35 68Â±23 1.5 62Â±22 1.4 29 July 1982 26 80Â±26 0.5 72Â±18 0.4 19 August 1982 21 82Â±24 0.1 69Â±19 0

In the spring of 1992, 1993, and 1995, meadows in the Slave River Lowlands, Northwest Territories, were subjected to prescribed burn treatments. Baltic rush was strongly associated with meadows burned 3 times [149]. On 26 October, 1987, a controlled burn was conducted on a northern stretch of the Wise River in southwestern Montana. The burn site sits at an elevation of 7,000 feet (2,000 m), with an aspect and slope of 330Âº and 6%, respectively. The plant community is dominated by mountain big sagebrush with Wyoming big sagebrush a minor shrub component. In June, 1995, the burned site was sampled as was an adjacent unburned control site. On the burned site Baltic rush had a canopy cover and frequency of 5.5% and 37.0%, compared to 0.3% and 20% on the unburned sites [206].

The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species including Baltic rush.

References:

8. Bailey, Arthur W.; Anderson, Howard G. 1979. Brush control on sandy rangelands in central Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 32(1): 29-32. [3387]
82. Hargis, Christina; McCarthy, Clinton. 1986. Vegetation changes following a prescribed burn on a Great Basin meadow. Transactions, Western Section of the Wildlife Society. 22: 47-51. [15955]
149. Quinlan, Allyson; Dale, Mark R. T.; Gates, C. Cormack. 2003. Effects of prescribed burning on herbaceous and woody vegetation in northern lowland meadows. Restoration Ecology. 11(3): 343-350. [54138]
206. Walhof, Kendal Scott. 1997. A comparison of burned and unburned big sagebrush communities in southwest Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 74 p. Thesis. [46902]
214. Wright, J. Michael; Chambers, Jeanne C. 2002. Restoring riparian meadows currently dominated by Artemisia using alternative state concepts--aboveground vegetation response. Applied Vegetation Science. 5: 237-246. [47381]
215. Wright, Johnnie Michael. 2001. Restoring sagebrush-dominated riparian corridors using threshold and alternative state concepts: aboveground vegetation response. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 54 p. Thesis. [45250]
220. Young, Richard P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. Thesis. [3745]

Source:

License:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Plant Response to Fire

More info for the term: frequency

Baltic rush has a high tolerance to fire [197]. Baltic rush recovers from fire by rhizomatous spread and/or establishing by seed. Fire has a positive effect on Baltic rush frequency and coverage [8,82,149,206,214,215,220]. Some research suggests that postfire Baltic rush plants have a faster growth rate and attain a greater mature height than plants growing on unburned sites [220].

References:

8. Bailey, Arthur W.; Anderson, Howard G. 1979. Brush control on sandy rangelands in central Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 32(1): 29-32. [3387]
82. Hargis, Christina; McCarthy, Clinton. 1986. Vegetation changes following a prescribed burn on a Great Basin meadow. Transactions, Western Section of the Wildlife Society. 22: 47-51. [15955]
149. Quinlan, Allyson; Dale, Mark R. T.; Gates, C. Cormack. 2003. Effects of prescribed burning on herbaceous and woody vegetation in northern lowland meadows. Restoration Ecology. 11(3): 343-350. [54138]
206. Walhof, Kendal Scott. 1997. A comparison of burned and unburned big sagebrush communities in southwest Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 74 p. Thesis. [46902]
214. Wright, J. Michael; Chambers, Jeanne C. 2002. Restoring riparian meadows currently dominated by Artemisia using alternative state concepts--aboveground vegetation response. Applied Vegetation Science. 5: 237-246. [47381]
215. Wright, Johnnie Michael. 2001. Restoring sagebrush-dominated riparian corridors using threshold and alternative state concepts: aboveground vegetation response. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 54 p. Thesis. [45250]
220. Young, Richard P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. Thesis. [3745]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire

More info for the terms: controlled burn, litter

Baltic rush seed banks survive fire, but the number of seeds is less in burned areas compared to unburned areas [34,207]. Within the tufted hairgrass-sedge community-type seed bank of Yellowstone National Park, Baltic rush seeds occurred in the seed bank in densities of 1,667 seeds/mÂ² on unburned sites and 493 seeds/mÂ² on sites burned during the Yellowstone fire of 1988 [34]. In October, 1996, 2 water tables (dry and wet) where Baltic rush was present were identified in the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada. The dominant species in the area is basin big sagebrush. One half of each site was subjected to a controlled burn while the other half was left unburned and used as a control. In October, 1997 and 1998, seed bank counts (mean number of seeds/mÂ² Â± s x) were conducted on the dry and wet sites in undershrub and interspace areas. Fewer Baltic rush seeds were found in the seed bank of burned sites. Results of the study (--- indicates no data) are presented below [207]:

Site Burned Not burned (control) Undershrub Interspace Undershrub Interspace 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 Dry 18Â±18 12Â±12 21Â±21 13Â±7 127Â±64 6Â±6 57Â±15 18Â±10 Wet --- 6Â±6 22Â±15 --- 39Â±20 13Â±7 81Â±26 56Â±27

Further data were collected on the depth of Baltic rush seeds stored in the seed bank on the burned and unburned sites. At all sites and depths, except for the dry site at 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm), more seeds were found at varying depths on unburned sites. Seed bank counts (mean number of seeds/mÂ² Â± s x) were collected in October, 1997, and are presented below [207]:

Seed depth Seed distribution in the soil profile Dry site Wet site Burned Unburned Burned Unburned Undershrub Interspace Undershrub Interspace Undershrub Interspace Undershrub Interspace Litter - 1 cm --- --- 24Â±16 14Â±14 --- --- 7Â±7 26Â±13 1 cm - 5 cm 18Â±18 --- 61Â±32 32Â±16 --- 11Â±6 33Â±18 54Â±15 5 cm - 15 cm --- 21Â±21 42Â±44 11Â±11 --- 11Â±11 --- ---

References:

34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
207. Wehking, Pamela Mebine. 2002. The role of the seedbank in the restoration of a basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian ecosystem to a dry meadow. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 35 p. Thesis. [44721]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Immediate Effect of Fire

Baltic rush is top-killed by fire, with rhizomes and seeds protected by insulating soil [34,207,220].

References:

34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
207. Wehking, Pamela Mebine. 2002. The role of the seedbank in the restoration of a basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian ecosystem to a dry meadow. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 35 p. Thesis. [44721]
220. Young, Richard P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. Thesis. [3745]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Post-fire Regeneration

More info for the term: rhizome

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [183]:
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Initial off-site colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)

References:

183. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Fire Ecology

More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire interval, fire regime, fire tolerant, frequency, litter

Fire adaptations: Baltic rush is fire tolerant when dormant [197] and top-killed by fire during the growing season [34,207,220]. It establishes after fire through seed and/or lateral spread by rhizomes. Baltic rush fruits lack an awn; therefore, initial seed dispersal onto burned sites is primarily effected by wind.

FIRE REGIMES: Many diverse communities provide Baltic rush habitat. Baltic rush experiences extreme ranges in fire frequency. In the northern and southern cordgrass prairies where Baltic rush is found fire may occur every 1 to 3 years [144]. Conversely, Baltic rush also occurs in sugar maple communities where the fire return interval is 1,000 years or more [205]

Baltic rush is a dominant species in Afton Canyon located in the lower Mojave River drainage of the western Mojave Desert, California [119]. Historically, the fire interval in this mesquite-saltbush (Prosopis spp.-Atriplex confertifolia) dominated environment was <35 to <100 years [127,144]. However, the infestation of the drought-deciduous saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) has altered the historic fire regime, promoting a fire interval of about 10 to 20 years [119]. Baltic rush grows on rough fescue-Parry's oatgrass dominated grasslands in Banff and Jasper national parks, Alberta. Prior to national park designation, fires were "frequent" and "extensive" especially in the main valleys. For the last 80 years, however, a fire control policy has been put in place, and while fires are still frequent, they are small and mostly in grassland, scrub, or forest litter areas close to human activity [184].

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where Baltic rush is important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant species listed below.

Community or EcosystemDominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years)silver fir-Douglas-firAbies amabilis-Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii >200grand firAbies grandis 35-200 [5]sugar mapleAcer saccharum >1,000 [205]bluestem prairieAndropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 110,144]Nebraska sandhills prairieAndropogon gerardii var. paucipilus-Schizachyrium scoparium <10 bluestem-Sacahuista prairieAndropogon littoralis-Spartina spartinae <10 sagebrush steppeArtemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [144]basin big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [167]mountain big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [7,29,134]Wyoming big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 ((Âµ=40) [199,219]saltbush-greasewoodAtriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus <35 to <100 desert grasslandsBouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica <35 to <100 plains grasslandsBouteloua spp. <35 blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrassBouteloua gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii 163]blue grama-buffalo grassBouteloua gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides 144,213]grama-galleta steppeBouteloua gracilis-Pleuraphis jamesii <35 to <100paloverde-cactus shrubParkinsonia spp./Opuntia spp. <35 to <100 blackbrushColeogyne ramosissima <35 to <100 Arizona cypressCupressus arizonica <35 to 200 northern cordgrass prairieDistichlis spicata-Spartina spp. 1-3 [144]California steppeFestuca-Danthonia spp. 144,186]western juniperJuniperus occidentalis 20-70 Rocky Mountain juniperJuniperus scopulorum <35 tamarackLarix laricina 35-200 [144]western larchLarix occidentalis 25-350 [6,11,47]creosotebushLarrea tridentata <35 to <100 [144]yellow-poplarLiriodendron tulipifera <35 [205]Great Lakes spruce-firPicea-Abies spp. 35 to >200northeastern spruce-firPicea-Abies spp. 35-200 [57]Engelmann spruce-subalpine firPicea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 [5]black sprucePicea mariana 35-200 conifer bog*Picea mariana-Larix laricina 35-200 [57]pinyon-juniperPinus-Juniperus spp. <35 [144]Rocky Mountain bristlecone pineP. aristata 9-55 [51,52]whitebark pine*Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [1,3]Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine*Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [10,11,191]Sierra lodgepole pine*Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200 [5]Colorado pinyonPinus edulis 10-400+ [66,72,103,144]sand pinePinus elliottii var. elliottii 25-45 [205]Jeffrey pinePinus jeffreyi 5-30 western white pine*Pinus monticola 50-200Pacific ponderosa pine*Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [5]interior ponderosa pine*Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [5,9,116]Arizona pinePinus ponderosa var. arizonica 2-15 [9,39,171]galleta-threeawn shrubsteppePleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea <35 to <100 eastern cottonwoodPopulus deltoides <35 to 200 [144]aspen-birchPopulus tremuloides-Betula papyrifera 35-200 [57,205]quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains)Populus tremuloides 7-120 [5,75,132]mesquiteProsopis glandulosa <35 to <100 [127,144]mountain grasslandsPseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (Âµ=10) [4,5]Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir*Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100coastal Douglas-fir*Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [5,138,160]California mixed evergreenPseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflorus-Arbutus menziesii <35 California oakwoodsQuercus spp. <35 [5]oak-hickoryQuercus-Carya spp. <35 [205]oak-juniper woodland (Southwest)Quercus-Juniperus spp. <35 to <200 [144]white oak-black oak-northern red oakQuercus alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra <35 [205]canyon live oakQuercus chrysolepis 5]northern pin oakQuercus ellipsoidalis <35 [205]Oregon white oakQuercus garryana <35 [5]California black oakQuercus kelloggii 5-30 [144]bur oakQuercus macrocarpa <10 [205]oak savannaQuercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [144,205]black oakQuercus velutina <35 live oakQuercus virginiana 10 to<100 [205]little bluestem-grama prairieSchizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. <35 tule marshesScirpus and/or Typha spp. <35 southern cordgrass prairieSpartina alterniflora 1-3 [144]mountain hemlock*Tsuga mertensiana 35 to >200 [5]*fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review

References:

4. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]
5. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
9. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
57. Duchesne, Luc C.; Hawkes, Brad C. 2000. Fire in northern ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 35-51. [36982]
7. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
1. Agee, James K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment). [23656]
3. Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. Res. Pap. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. [15225]
6. Arno, Stephen F.; Fischer, William C. 1995. Larix occidentalis--fire ecology and fire management. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 October 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 130-135. [25293]
29. Burkhardt, Wayne J.; Tisdale, E. W. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology. 57: 472-484. [565]
34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
39. Cooper, Charles F. 1961. Pattern in ponderosa pine forests. Ecology. 42(3): 493-499. [5780]
47. Davis, Kathleen M. 1980. Fire history of a western larch/Douglas-fir forest type in northwestern Montana. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 69-74. [12813]
52. Donnegan, Joseph A.; Veblen, Thomas T.; Sibold, Jason S. 2001. Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 31: 1526-1539. [43091]
66. Floyd, M. Lisa; Romme, William H.; Hanna, David D. 2000. Fire history and vegetation pattern in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecological Applications. 10(6): 1666-1680. [37590]
75. Gruell, G. E.; Loope, L. L. 1974. Relationships among aspen, fire, and ungulate browsing in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region. [3862]
116. Laven, R. D.; Omi, P. N.; Wyant, J. G.; Pinkerton, A. S. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 46-49. [7183]
119. Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Egan, Thomas B.; de Gouvenain, Roland C. 1994. Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies. In: Environmental stewardship through weed control: Proceedings, 46th annual California Weed Science Society conference; 1994 January 17-19; San Jose, California. No. 46. Fremont, CA: California Weed Science Society: 166-177. [44086]
127. McPherson, Guy R. 1995. The role of fire in the desert grasslands. In: McClaran, Mitchel P.; Van Devender, Thomas R., eds. The desert grassland. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press: 130-151. [26576]
132. Meinecke, E. P. 1929. Quaking aspen: A study in applied forest pathology. Tech. Bull. No. 155. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 34 p. [26669]
134. Miller, Richard F.; Rose, Jeffery A. 1995. Historic expansion of Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) in southeastern Oregon. The Great Basin Naturalist. 55(1): 37-45. [25666]
138. Morrison, Peter H.; Swanson, Frederick J. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 77 p. [13074]
144. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Haase, Sally M.; Harrington, Michael G.; Narog, Marcia G.; Sackett, Stephen S.; Wilson, Ruth C. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]
160. Ripple, William J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 92(11): 45-49. [33881]
167. Sapsis, David B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue--bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. Thesis. [16579]
184. Stringer, P. W. 1973. An ecological study of grasslands in Banff, Jasper, and Waterton Lakes national parks. Canadian Journal of Botany. 51: 383-411. [35357]
186. Stromberg, Mark R.; Kephart, Paul; Yadon, Vern. 2001. Composition, invasibility, and diversity in coastal California grasslands. Madrono. 48(4): 236-252. [41371]
191. Tande, Gerald F. 1979. Fire history and vegetation pattern of coniferous forests in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1912-1931. [18676]
199. Vincent, Dwain W. 1992. The sagebrush/grasslands of the upper Rio Puerco area, New Mexico. Rangelands. 14(5): 268-271. [19698]
207. Wehking, Pamela Mebine. 2002. The role of the seedbank in the restoration of a basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian ecosystem to a dry meadow. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 35 p. Thesis. [44721]
213. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620]
219. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1981. Demography and fire history of a western juniper stand. Journal of Range Management. 34(6): 501-505. [2659]
220. Young, Richard P. 1986. Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Portland, OR: Oregon State University. 169 p. Thesis. [3745]
10. Barrett, Stephen W. 1993. FIRE REGIMES on the Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests north-central Idaho. Final Report: Order No. 43-0276-3-0112. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. 21 p. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [41883]
11. Barrett, Stephen W.; Arno, Stephen F.; Key, Carl H. 1991. FIRE REGIMES of western larch - lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 1711-1720. [17290]
51. Donnegan, Joseph A. 1999. Climatic and human influences on FIRE REGIMES in Pike National Forest. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado. 122 p. Dissertation. [40456]
103. Keeley, Jon E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and FIRE REGIMES. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E.; Reiners, W. A., technical coordinators. FIRE REGIMES and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 231-277. [4395]
72. Gottfried, Gerald J.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Allen, Craig D.; [and others]. 1995. Pinyon-juniper woodlands. In: Finch, Deborah M.; Tainter, Joseph A., eds. Ecology, diversity, and sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-268. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 95-132. [26188]
171. Seklecki, Mariette T.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1996. Fire history and the possible role of Apache-set fires in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; DeBano, Leonard F.; Baker, Malchus, B., Jr.; [and others], tech. coords. Effects of fire on Madrean Province ecosystems: a symposium proceedings; 1996 March 11-15; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-289. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 238-246. [28082]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]
205. Wade, Dale D.; Brock, Brent L.; Brose, Patrick H.; [and others]. 2000. Fire in eastern ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 53-96. [36983]

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Successional Status

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the terms: bog, succession

Baltic rush is shade intolerant [180,197] and is found in all stages of succession [19,78,96,105,117,126,203]. Baltic rush is found on "primary succession" sites in the Yukon Territory. The sites are borrow pits created by the extraction of fill for the construction of the Dempster Highway and the Canadian Oil Pipeline and road system [105]. Baltic rush is described as a late seral to "climax" species in the beaked sedge wetlands habitat-type distributed throughout Montana [78]. Baltic rush dominated rush meadow and border communities in western Utah salt marshes are described as permanent communities [19]. J. b. var. littoralis is described as a mid-seral species, giving way to shrubby or woody vegetation in Canadian prairie province salt marshes and meadows [117]. J. b. var. littoralis occurs as a late-seral species in dry bog communities in the sand barrens of northwestern Wisconsin [126].

Baltic rush, Kentucky bluegrass, and/or Nebraska sedge may replace wooly sedge in areas of severe disturbance such as heavily grazed meadows susceptible to trampling and soil compaction. Baltic rush and/or Kentucky bluegrass may replace Nebraska sedge when it is subjected to heavy grazing and the water table is lowered [96]. Baltic rush increases substantially on poor condition wet meadow sites in the central Oregon pumice zone [203].

References:

19. Bolen, Eric G. 1964. Plant ecology of spring-fed salt marshes in western Utah. Ecological Monographs. 34(2): 143-166. [11214]
96. Hurd, Emerenciana G.; Shaw, Nancy L.; Smithman, Lynda C. 1994. Cyperaceae and Juncaceae--selected low-elevation species. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., compilers. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 380-383. [24314]
105. Kershaw, G. Peter; Kershaw, Linda J. 1987. Successful plant colonizers on disturbances in tundra areas of northwestern Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research. 19(4): 451-460. [6115]
117. Looman, J. 1981. The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. III. Aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. Phytocoenologia. 9(4): 473-497. [18401]
126. McLaughlin, W. T. 1932. Atlantic coastal plain plants in the sand barrens of northwestern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs. 2(3): 335-383. [17126]
180. Stasiak, Jadwiga. 1994. Age structure of Juncus balticus Willd. coenopopulations and changes in individual's characters during primary succession. Ekologia Polska. 42(3-4): 173-205. [54083]
203. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. R6-ECOL-104-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 138 p. [7341]
78. Hansen, Paul L.; Pfister, Robert D.; Boggs, Keith; [and others]. 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites. Miscellaneous Publication No. 54. Missoula, MT: The University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 646 p. [24768]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Regeneration Processes

More info for the terms: cotyledon, marsh, monoecious, rhizome

Baltic rush regenerates via seeds and rhizomes [180,187].Baltic rush primarily regenerates via rhizomes though each year it flowers and fruits intensively. Generally only the "youngest" parts of the rhizomes produce a variable number of shoots [180].

Breeding system: Baltic rush is monoecious [95,187].

Pollination: Baltic rush is wind pollinated [158]. The pollination of Baltic rush by bumble bees has been observed in a salt marsh on Vancouver Island, British Columbia [148].

Seed production: Baltic rush fruits "intensively" each year. Shoots of Baltic rush generally must grow on a 3 to 4 year old rhizome before they produce fruiting flowers [180]. The number of Baltic rush seeds produced per inflorescence varies considerably among populations [95].

Seed dispersal: Wind is a primary disperser of Baltic rush seeds. In a European dune environment almost 50% of Baltic rush seeds were carried away by wind [180].

Seed banking: Baltic rush has a persistent seed bank [149]. Baltic rush seed banks can survive fire (See Fire Effects) [34,207]. Baltic rush seed banks (mean number of seeds/mÂ² Â± s x)in 2 locations (Morgan Canyon and Bob Scott) within the central Nevada Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest were 1,192Â±230 and 100Â±56, respectively [207].

Germination: Moisture is necessary for Baltic rush seed germination. In sandy environments with a scarcity of moisture the germination rate of Baltic rush seeds was found to be 0%. Baltic rush seeds collected by the United States Department of Agriculture and used to rehabilitate riparian and wetland disturbances had a viability rate between 28% to 96% and did not decline in viability after 17 months of storage in closed glass containers at room temperature [173]

Seedling establishment/growth: Baltic rush seedling vigor is classified as medium [197]. Once seedling establishment begins, Baltic rush takes 2 to 3 years to attain maturity and is still incapable of flowering. Flowering generally does not occur in plants younger than 4 years. Baltic rush seedlings observed after 1 month of growth developed a hair-shaped cotyledon and 3 to 5 grass-like leaves 0.6 to 1.4 inch (1.5-3.5 cm) in length and 0.5 to 1.0 mm wide [180,181].

Asexual regeneration: Baltic rush reproduces asexually from rhizomes. Generally only the "youngest" parts of the rhizomes produce a variable number of shoots [180].

References:

34. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
95. Hurd, Emerenciana G.; Shaw, Nancy L. 1992. Seed technology for Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region. In: Landis, Thomas D., technical coordinator. Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association; 1991 August 12-16; Park City, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-211. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 74-83. [20928]
148. Pojar, Jim. 1973. Pollination of typically anemophilous salt marsh plants by bumble bees, Bombus terricola occidentalis Grne. The American Midland Naturalist. 89(2): 448-451. [55966]
149. Quinlan, Allyson; Dale, Mark R. T.; Gates, C. Cormack. 2003. Effects of prescribed burning on herbaceous and woody vegetation in northern lowland meadows. Restoration Ecology. 11(3): 343-350. [54138]
158. Richards, P. W.; Clapham, A. R. 1941. Juncus L. The Journal of Ecology. 29(2): 362-368. [55967]
173. Shaw, Nancy L.; Hurd, Emerenciana G. 1994. Seed propagation of sedges and rushes. In: Rangeland Technology Equipment Council: 1992 annual report. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Center: 2-3. [24607]
180. Stasiak, Jadwiga. 1994. Age structure of Juncus balticus Willd. coenopopulations and changes in individual's characters during primary succession. Ekologia Polska. 42(3-4): 173-205. [54083]
181. Stasiak, Jadwiga. 1994. Dynamics and structure of Juncus balticus Willd. coenopopulations during primary succession. Ekologia Polska. 42(3-4): 207-232. [54082]
187. Stubbendieck, James; Hatch, Stephan L.; Butterfield, Charles H. 1992. North American range plants. 4th ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 493 p. [25162]
207. Wehking, Pamela Mebine. 2002. The role of the seedbank in the restoration of a basin big sagebrush-dominated riparian ecosystem to a dry meadow. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 35 p. Thesis. [44721]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Life Form

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, geophyte

RAUNKIAER [154]
Chamaephyte
Geophyte

References:

154. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

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Cyclicity

Phenology

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the term: marsh

Baltic rush is a cool season species that reaches its maximum height by early summer and sets seed by mid- to late summer [106,107]. Its growth rate is described as rapid [197]. Baltic rush with flowering heads collected in the Boise and Sawtooth national forests, Idaho, were cut and measured in July. Mean height of Baltic rush was 29 inches (74 cm) with a minimum of 20 inches (51 cm) and a maximum of 36 inches (92 cm) [106]. Flowering of Baltic rush varies by state/region:

State/RegionFlowering periodAtlantic seaside communitiesMay to September [59] CaliforniaMay to August [140,141,211]ColoradoMay to July [50]Great PlainsJune to August [74,115]IdahoMay to July [106]MontanaJune to August [50]North DakotaJune to August [50]New MexicoJuly to September [123]NevadaApril to August [102]UtahMay to June [71]WyomingMay to July [50]

The phenological development of Baltic rush in a North Dakota seasonal wetland is described below [107]:

DateHeight (cm)Growth stageSoil conditionLate spring (5/21-6/10)32.0bloomdampEarly summer (6/21-7/11)62.0bloomdampMid summer (7/21-8/4)60.0seeddampLate summer (8/15-9/18)62.0seeddry

The phenological development of Baltic rush in a western Utah salt marsh community is presented below. Date of initial growth describes the 1st appearance of green shoots and date of anthesis describes when the 1st bud or floral development is visible to the naked eye. The heading "warm" represents Baltic rush's growth in areas influenced by warmed spring water, while the heading "normal" represents areas outside the warm spring water [19]:

"Warm""Normal"Date of initial growth27 March14 AprilDate of anthesis29 April5 May

References:

19. Bolen, Eric G. 1964. Plant ecology of spring-fed salt marshes in western Utah. Ecological Monographs. 34(2): 143-166. [11214]
50. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
59. Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1987. The Smithsonian guide to seaside plants of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Louisiana to Massachusetts, exclusive of lower peninsular Florida. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 409 p. [12906]
71. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
74. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
106. Kinney, John W.; Clary, Warren P. 1994. A photographic utilization guide for key riparian graminoids. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-308. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p. [29111]
107. Kirby, Donald R.; Green, Douglas M.; Mings, Thomas S. 1989. Nutrient composition of selected emergent macrophytes in northern prairie wetlands. Journal of Range Management. 42: 323-326. [6802]
123. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37175]
140. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
141. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
211. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
102. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
115. Larson, Gary E. 1993. Aquatic and wetland vascular plants of the Northern Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 681 p. Available online: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/vascplnt/vascplnt.htm [2006, February 11]. [22534]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Juncus balticus

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Specimens with Barcodes: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Barcode of Life Data Systems

Conservation Status

Baltic rush is considered endangered/extirpated in Maryland [124,197], threatened in Pennsylvania [146], and potentially threatened in Ohio [142]. J. b. var. littoralis is considered rare in Indiana [197], critically impaired in Missouri [135], and very rare and imperiled in West Virginia [209].

References:

124. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 2003. Rare, threatened, and endangered plants of Maryland, [Online]. In: Endangered species--endangered plants. Annapolis, MD: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage Program (Producer). Available: http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/download/rteplants.pdf [2005, June 15]. [28030]
135. Missouri Department of Conservation. 2005. Endangered species checklist, [Online]. In: Missouri species and communities of conservation concern. The Missouri Natural Heritage Database Program (Producer). Available: http://mdc.mo.gov/documents/nathis/endangered/checklist.pdf [2006, January 11]. [35338]
142. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Areas and Preserves. 2005. Rare native Ohio plants: 2004-2005 status list, [Online]. Columbus, OH: Ohio Department of Natural Resources (Producer). Available: http://www.dnr.ohio.gov/dnap/heritage/Rare_Species2004.htm [2006, January 12]. [35361]
146. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. (2000, May). Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory (PNDI) - vertebrates [Online]. Available: http:///www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/pndi/fullvertibrates.asp [2000, June 26]. [35334]
197. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. PLANTS database (2006), [Online]. Available: http://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]
209. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. 2003. Rare, threatened and endangered plants, [Online]. West Virginia Wildlife Diversity Program (Producer). Available: http://www.wvdnr.gov/Wildlife/PDFFiles/Plantsnew.pdf [2006, January 11]. [43138]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

Source:

NatureServe

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NatureServe

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Reasons: Throughout North America in wet habitats, including lake and wet stream marshes, wet prairies and ditches.

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NatureServe

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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NatureServe

Management

Management considerations

More info for the term: cover

Cultivars: There is one Baltic rush cultivar ('Common') available [196].

Herbicides: The effects of the herbicide 2,4-D ester on Baltic rush are discussed in the following studies [8,93].

Grazing: Baltic rush is generally described as an increaser under grazing pressure [40,77,78,94,113,201,202,203]. At the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon, a 1.2-acre (0.5 ha) plot with a history of annual haying was placed in nonuse for 3 growing seasons while the surrounding area continued to be hayed. In November, 1978, a third of the nonuse area was subjected to grazing for 1 growing season, another third was left nonused, and the final third was burned (See Fire Effects). At the end of 1 growing season a vegetative analysis was taken and found the rush species (Baltic rush and Sierra rush) composition was 12.0% in the nonuse plot, 20.0% in the annually hayed plot, and 22.6% in the grazed plot [42]. At Wimena National Forest in central Oregon, Baltic rush increased under grazing. A Kentucky bluegrass dominated meadow that had been grazed by cattle from April through October for the past 50 years was partially fenced off from grazing in April, 1967. In July, 1977, average canopy cover of Baltic rush on sites continually grazed since 1967 was 5.6% while on protected sites it was 4.7% [201].

A study site located on upper Big Grizzly Creek in Plumas County, California, found that Baltic rush was both an increaser and a decreaser under various grazing pressures. The 10-acre (4 ha) grazing meadow was fenced into ten 1-acre (0.4 ha) plots and allotted as no, low, or moderate grazing. The designation low (1,500 kg/ha) and moderately (1,000 kg/ha) grazed were characterized by the amount of standing biomass left on the plots at the end of the grazing experiment. Experimental plots were established in 2 locations, mid-meadow and streamside. In 1992 at the mid-meadow site, Baltic rush's growth rate was significantly (p<.05) lower in the low- and moderately-grazed treatments compared to the nongrazed site. At the streamside location, growth rate of Baltic rush was similar in the moderately- and nongrazed plots which were both significantly greater than the low-grazed plot. In 1993 there was no significant difference between grazing and nongrazing treatments at the mid-meadow site, but at the streamside location Baltic rush growth was significantly greater on the moderately-grazed plot than on the low- and no-grazed plots which were not significantly different. Differences across treatments and years is likely attributable to changes in soil moisture retention [94].

References:

8. Bailey, Arthur W.; Anderson, Howard G. 1979. Brush control on sandy rangelands in central Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 32(1): 29-32. [3387]
42. Cornely, J. E.; Britton, C. M.; Sneva, F. A. 1983. Manipulation of flood meadow vegetation and observations on small mammal populations. Prairie Naturalist. 15: 16-22. [14509]
94. Huber, S. A.; Judkins, M. B.; Krysl, L. J.; Svejcar, T. J.; Hess, B. W.; Holcombe, D. W. 1995. Cattle grazing a riparian mountain meadow: effects of low and moderate stocking density on nutrition, behavior, diet selection, and plant growth response. Journal of Animal Science. 73(12): 3752-3765. [54128]
113. Lacey, John; Mosley, John. 2002. 250 plants for range contests in Montana. MONTGUIDE MT198402 AG 6/2002. Range E-2 (Misc.). Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Extension Service. 4 p. [43671]
201. Volland, Leonard A. 1978. Trends in standing crop and species composition of a rested Kentucky bluegrass meadow over an 11-year period. In: Proceedings--1st international rangeland congress. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 526-529. [3834]
202. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Guidelines for forage resource evaluation within the central Oregon Pumice Zone. R6-Ecol-177-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 216 p. [12497]
203. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. R6-ECOL-104-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 138 p. [7341]
40. Cooper, Stephen V.; Lesica, Peter; Page-Dumroese, Deborah. 1997. Plant community classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p. [28051]
77. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]
93. Hormay, August L.; Alberico, Fred J.; Lord, P. B. 1962. Experiences with 2,4-D spraying on the Lassen National Forest. Journal of Range Management. 15(6): 325-328. [38665]
78. Hansen, Paul L.; Pfister, Robert D.; Boggs, Keith; [and others]. 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites. Miscellaneous Publication No. 54. Missoula, MT: The University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 646 p. [24768]
196. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tucson Plant Materials Center. 2001. Commercial sources of conservation plant materials, [Online]. Available: http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/azpmsarseedlist0501.pdf [2003, August 25]. [44989]

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