Species: Pannaria rubiginosa

A cool-temperate species found in localities in the eastern and western parts of the North America, although absent from the Pacific coast (replaced by P. malmei). Range in North America is BC to mid-coast CA, the New England states north to Newfoundland, and also in MO and AR (Brodo et al. 2001). The type is from South Africa (Jorgensen 2000). In the British Isles it is oceanic, now only commonly encountered in the extreme west of Scotland and Ireland. (Dobson 1979, Czeczuga and Richardson 1989). In Germany, it is a highly oceanic lichen of climatically balanced, mild stations (Wirth 1995). Reported from Slovenia 100 years ago, but possibly extirpated there (Mayrhofer et al. 1996). Previous reports from Asia are really several other species (Jorgensen 2001).