Potentilla glandulosa

Sticky cinquefoil occurs from Alberta and British Columbia in the north; south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Baja California; and east to South Dakota [23,27,29,75]. Distribution of subspecies of Potentilla glandulosa is as follows [23,27,75]:

P. g. subsp.arizonica - Arizona and Utah

P. g. subsp. ashlandica - California and Oregon

P. g. subsp. ewanii - California

P. g. subsp. glabrata - Alberta and British Columbia, south to Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Baja California and east to South Dakota. It does not occur in California.

P. g. subsp. glandulosa - extends from British Columbia south through Idaho, Montana, Nevada and west to the Pacific Coast also found in Baja California

P. g. subsp.globosa - California and Oregon

P. g. subsp. hansenii - California and Nevada

P. g. subsp. micropetala - Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada

P. g. subsp. nevadensis - Montana, Idaho, and Nevada west to the Pacific Coast

P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris - British Columbia and Alberta south to Utah and California

P. g. subsp. reflexa - Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Baja California

Plants Database provides a distributional map of sticky cinquefoil and its subspecies.

More info for the terms: caudex, cyme, forb

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available: [12,13,14,22,28,35,72,73].

Sticky cinquefoil is a highly variable perennial forb [1]. Erect stems arise 4 to 24 inches (10-60 cm) from a loosely branched caudex. The mostly basal leaves are pinnately compound and sharply serrate. Leaves and stems are glandular pubescent. Flowers are few to many in a flat-topped cyme. Fruits are glabrous achenes [1,4,12,22,35,41,53,74].

Sticky cinquefoil is generally a non-rhizomatous species [33]. However, rhizomes were described for populations occurring in New Mexico [41], the Great Plains of South Dakota and Wyoming [20], west-central Montana [35], the Intermountain West [12], and the Pacific Northwest [23].

More info for the term: fresh

In coastal British Columbia, sticky cinquefoil occurs on and is an indicator of "moderately dry" to fresh, nitrogen-medium soils in temperate, cool semiarid, and mesothermal climates. Occurrence of sticky cinquefoil increases with increasing temperatures and distance from the coast and decreases with increasing latitude [31]. The following table provides site descriptions for some areas where sticky cinquefoil occurs.

Site descriptions for sticky cinquefoil

State, Region or Province Subspecies Site Characteristics Arizona P. g. subsp.arizonica wet places, 5,000 to 8,000 feet [29] California ...* near coastline to 12,000 feet [10,22] P. g. subsp. ashlandica moist places, 3,000 to 8,500 feet P. g. subsp. ewanii edges of seeps and small waterways, 6,200 to 7,900 feet P. g. subsp. glandulosa generally shady or cleared slopes below 3,900 feet P. g. subsp. globosa dry rocky slopes, 4,600 to 8,200 feet P. g. subsp. hansenii moist meadows, 3,900 to 7,200 feet P. g. subsp. nevadensis moist, often rocky places, 5,900 to 12,000 feet P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris rocky areas, 7,900 to 12,000 feet P. g. subsp. reflexa moist or shaded places, 1,600 to 8,500 feet [22] P. g. subsp. reflexa scarce along seep in upper Heryford Canyon; north flank of Sawmill Mountain in the Liebre Mountains [5] Idaho P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris dry subalpine ridges, Kane Lake Cirque in the Pioneer Mountains [50] Montana P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris common in dry habitats such as rock outcrops and talus slopes, from foothills to timberline in the west-central part of the state P. g. subsp. glabrata sandy or gravelly, deep soils; often in partial shade; from canyons up to the lower subalpine zone of the Bitterroot Mountains [35] ... montane forests/subalpine meadows in the Pryor Mountains [43] Nevada ... moist meadows, open slopes, woods, and rocky places along mountain streambanks, valley sagebrush, and yellow pine zones [28] P. g. subsp. nevadensis frequent on open slopes in mountain brush and aspen zones in the Ruby and East Humboldt mountains P. g. subsp. pseudorupestris occasionally found on open slopes in mountain brush and aspen zones in the Ruby and East Humboldt mountains [39] New Mexico ... wet meadows, 7,000 to 9,000 feet [41] South Dakota ... rocky places and slopes in the Black Hills [13] Utah P. g. subsp. micropetala sagebrush, mountain brush, upwards to alpine meadows, 4,700 to 9,800 feet P. g. subsp. glabrata mountain brush, pine, aspen, and spruce-fir communities, often in meadows at 6,200 to 10,000 feet [74] Washington ... dry, rocky slopes in Mount Rainier National Park [63] Great Plains P. g. subsp. glabrata common on hillsides and rocky, open woods [20] Baja California P. g. subsp. glandulosa open coastal hills and rocky mesas P. g. subsp. reflexa mountain meadows and hillsides [75] British Columbia ... non-forested communities and open-canopy forests on water-shedding sites [31] *subspecies not given

Sticky cinquefoil is most commonly described as occurring in forests and woodlands throughout
its range, but it also occurs in sagebrush and grassland communities [12,18,19,51,58].
Sticky cinquefoil is dominant in the Hood's sedge (Carex hoodii)-sticky cinquefoil potential
vegetation type in "cold upland herb" areas of the Blue Mountains of northeastern
Oregon, southeastern Washington, and west-central Idaho [55].

More info for the terms: cover, fire use, frequency, prescribed fire, severity, wildfire

Sticky cinquefoil typically survives and may increase after fire.

Sticky cinquefoil persists after fire, although cover and frequency may decrease
after high-severity burns. Mean frequency and cover of sticky cinquefoil were not
significantly different (P<0.10) among unburned, low-intensity burned, and
high-intensity burned treatments after selective logging and broadcast burning in a
Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type in northern Idaho. Mean frequency (and cover),
averaged over 3 postfire years were: 5.6% (0.4%), 5.1% (0.4%), 0.6% (0%) on unburned,
low-intensity burned, and high-intensity burned sites, respectively. A complete
summary of this study is provided in the Research Project Summary by Armour and others 1984 [2,3]. Similar results were reported after thinning and burning treatments in ponderosa
pine and Douglas-fir forests in northeastern Oregon. Sticky cinquefoil was most
strongly associated with untreated control plots, with 55% frequency and 0.5%
average cover. It had similar frequency and cover among burn-only plots (33%
frequency, 0.5% cover), thin-only plots (26% frequency, 1.2% cover), and thinned
and burned plots (27% frequency, 0.4% cover). Burning was conducted in late fall
and was of low severity. Measurements were taken 4 years after burning.
For further information on the effects of thinning and burning treatments on
sticky cinquefoil and 48 other species, see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [76] study.
Sticky cinquefoil may be more abundant on burned sites in later postfire years.
A chronosequence study conducted in the Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) zone in
Utah revealed that Potentilla glandulosa subsp. glabrata cover and
frequency were slightly lower on sites burned the previous year versus unburned sites.
On sites burned 2, 9, and 18 years prior, cover and frequency were slightly higher
than on unburned sites [46].

Sticky cinquefoil occurred on burned sites in a Douglas-fir/ninebark community in
northern Idaho that had a history of disturbance since 1900; it was not reported on
undisturbed sites [7,8]. In a northwestern Montana subalpine fir/queencup beadlily
habitat type, sticky cinquefoil occurred with an average of 0.5% canopy cover and 6%
frequency on wildfire study sites that were classified as "old burns" (35-70
years old) and an average of 0.5% canopy cover and 39% frequency on clearcut sites
(15-35 years old) where slash was mechanically piled and burned. It was not observed
on clearcut sites where slash was broadcast burned or not treated, and not found on
undisturbed sites [77].
Sticky cinquefoil frequency increased slightly on control, thin-only, thin and burn,
and burn-only treatments conducted in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests in the Lubrecht
Experimental Forest, Montana, 2 years after burning and 3 years after thinning. The
smallest increase was in the control while the largest increase was on the thinned and
burned sites. Percent cover was low on all sites. Burning was executed in the spring, and
fires were categorized as low- to moderate-severity [48]. For a more detailed summary of
this study, see Metlen and others 2006.
Sticky cinquefoil was present in prefire vegetation and not found in the first postfire
year after a late summer, high-severity prescribed fire in a Douglas-fir stand in
south-central Idaho. It was present in the second postfire year [40], suggesting that it
may have established via delayed germination from the soil seed bank or from off-site
seed sources.
Lyon's Research Paper (Lyon 1971)
provides further information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant
species including sticky cinquefoil.

More info for the term: caudex

Sticky cinquefoil commonly occurs after fire [6,7,8,59,68,77]. It likely sprouts from the caudex after fire and may also establish from soil-stored seed (see Seed banking).

More info for the term: high-severity fire

A seed bank study was conducted on soil samples from burned and unburned Douglas-fir/snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/pinegrass, and Idaho fescue/bearded wheatgrass (Festuca idahoensis/Elymus caninus) community types within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Soil samples from unburned study plots were separated; some were left untreated and some were oven heated for 1 hour at 122, 212, or 302 °F (50, 100, 150 °C). All soil samples were then placed in the greenhouse to allow buried seed to germinate. Sticky cinquefoil germinants grew from burned and unburned, unheated soils. They also grew from soils heated to 122 and 212 °F (50 and 100 °C). Sticky cinquefoil germinants did not emerge from soil samples heated to 302 °F (150 °C) [9], suggesting that high-severity fire may kill sticky cinquefoil seeds on the soil surface or shallowly buried.

More info for the term: high-severity fire

Although none of the available literature describes immediate effects of fire on sticky cinquefoil, it is likely top-killed by fire, while underground perennating tissues are likely to survive. High-severity fire may kill soil-stored seed.

More info for the terms: caudex, ground residual colonizer, rhizome, root crown

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [67]:
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Caudex or an herbaceous root crown, growing points in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on site, initial community)

More info for the terms: caudex, fire regime, low-severity fire, mesic, natural, shrubs

Fire adaptations: The highly variable morphology of sticky cinquefoil suggests that postfire regeneration methods may also be variable. Sticky cinquefoil may sprout from the caudex after fire [68]. Some sticky cinquefoil subspecies have short to well-developed rhizomes [12,20,23,35,41], while others are nonrhizomatous [33], suggesting the likelihood of variable responses to fire.

Sticky cinquefoil is known to store seeds in the soil [9,33,34,66], and seeds have germinated from burned and heated soil samples [9] (see Discussion and Qualification of Fire Effect). Therefore, it may establish from soil-stored seed after fire.

FIRE REGIMES: Sticky cinquefoil occurs in a wide variety of habitat types which experience widely different fire frequencies and severities. The fire regime for the Hood's sedge-sticky cinquefoil potential vegetation type in cold upland herb areas of the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and west-central Idaho is categorized as having stand-replacement fires with fire-return intervals ranging from 35 to over 100 years [55]. The fire regime for the lower montane zone in the Northeastern Plateaus bioregion of California, where sticky cinquefoil is common after fire, is characterized as having low- to moderate-severity surface fires with "short" to "short-medium" fire-return intervals for individual ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) forests [59]. Cool and moist alpine and subalpine grasslands and meadows of the Pacific Northwest, where sticky cinquefoil can occur, have average fire-return intervals of about 350 years. When fires do occur they are generally stand replacing [36].

The following table provides fire regime information that may be relevant to sticky cinquefoil.

Fire regime information on vegetation communities in which sticky cinquefoil may occur. For each community, fire regime characteristics are taken from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment Vegetation Models [38]. These vegetation models were developed by local experts using available literature, local data, and/or expert opinion as documented in the PDF file linked from the name of each Potential Natural Vegetation Group listed below. Cells are blank where information is not available in the Rapid Assessment Vegetation Model. Pacific Northwest California Southwest Great Basin Northern Rockies Pacific Northwest

• Northwest Grassland
• Northwest Shrubland
• Northwest Woodland
• Northwest Forested

Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean interval
(years) Minimum interval
(years) Maximum interval
(years) Northwest Grassland Idaho fescue grasslands Replacement 76% 40     Mixed 24% 125     Alpine and subalpine meadows and grasslands Replacement 68% 350 200 500 Mixed 32% 750 500 >1,000 Northwest Shrubland Low sagebrush Replacement 41% 180     Mixed 59% 125     Mountain big sagebrush (cool sagebrush) Replacement 100% 20 10 40 Northwest Woodland Western juniper (pumice) Replacement 33% >1,000     Mixed 67% 500     Pine savannah (ultramafic) Replacement 7% 200 100 300 Surface or low 93% 15 10 20 Ponderosa pine Replacement 5% 200     Mixed 17% 60     Surface or low 78% 13     Subalpine woodland Replacement 21% 300 200 400 Mixed 79% 80 35 120 Northwest Forested Douglas-fir (Willamette Valley foothills) Replacement 18% 150 100 400 Mixed 29% 90 40 150 Surface or low 53% 50 20 80 Ponderosa pine (xeric) Replacement 37% 130     Mixed 48% 100     Surface or low 16% 300     Dry ponderosa pine (mesic) Replacement 5% 125     Mixed 13% 50     Surface or low 82% 8     Douglas-fir-western hemlock (dry mesic) Replacement 25% 300 250 500 Mixed 75% 100 50 150 Douglas-fir-western hemlock (wet mesic) Replacement 71% 400     Mixed 29% >1,000     Mixed conifer (southwestern Oregon) Replacement 4% 400     Mixed 29% 50     Surface or low 67% 22     California mixed evergreen (northern California) Replacement 6% 150 100 200 Mixed 29% 33 15 50 Surface or low 64% 15 5 30 Mountain hemlock Replacement 93% 750 500 >1,000 Mixed 7% >1,000     Lodgepole pine (pumice soils) Replacement 78% 125 65 200 Mixed 22% 450 45 85 Subalpine fir Replacement 81% 185 150 300 Mixed 19% 800 500 >1,000 Mixed conifer (eastside dry) Replacement 14% 115 70 200 Mixed 21% 75 70 175 Surface or low 64% 25 20 25 Mixed conifer (eastside mesic) Replacement 35% 200     Mixed 47% 150     Surface or low 18% 400     Red fir Replacement 20% 400 150 400 Mixed 80% 100 80 130 Spruce-fir Replacement 84% 135 80 270 Mixed 16% 700 285 >1,000 California

• California Grassland
• California Shrubland
• California Woodland
• California Forested

Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean interval
(years) Minimum interval
(years) Maximum interval
(years) California Grassland Alpine meadows and barrens Replacement 100% 200 200 400 California Shrubland Saltbush Replacement 70% 100 60 200 Mixed 30% 235 10   Montane chaparral Replacement 34% 95     Mixed 66% 50     California Woodland Ponderosa pine Replacement 5% 200     Mixed 17% 60     Surface or low 78% 13     California Forested Mixed conifer (North Slopes) Replacement 5% 250     Mixed 7% 200     Surface or low 88% 15 10 40 Mixed conifer (South Slopes) Replacement 4% 200     Mixed 16% 50     Surface or low 80% 10     Aspen with conifer Replacement 24% 155 50 300 Mixed 15% 240     Surface or low 61% 60     Jeffrey pine Replacement 9% 250     Mixed 17% 130     Surface or low 74% 30     Interior white fir (northeastern California) Replacement 47% 145     Mixed 32% 210     Surface or low 21% 325     Red fir-white fir Replacement 13% 200 125 500 Mixed 36% 70     Surface or low 51% 50 15 50 Red fir-western white pine Replacement 16% 250     Mixed 65% 60 25 80 Surface or low 19% 200     Sierra Nevada lodgepole pine (cold wet upper montane) Replacement 23% 150 37 764 Mixed 70% 50     Surface or low 7% 500     Sierra Nevada lodgepole pine (dry subalpine) Replacement 11% 250 31 500 Mixed 45% 60 31 350 Surface or low 45% 60 9 350 Southwest

• Southwest Grassland
• Southwest Shrubland
• Southwest Forested

Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean interval
(years) Minimum interval
(years) Maximum interval
(years) Southwest Grassland Montane and subalpine grasslands with shrubs or trees Replacement 30% 70 10 100 Surface or low 70% 30     Southwest Shrubland Mountain sagebrush (cool sage) Replacement 75% 100     Mixed 25% 300     Gambel oak Replacement 75% 50     Mixed 25% 150     Southwest Forested Riparian forest with conifers Replacement 100% 435 300 550 Ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir (southern Rockies) Replacement 15% 460     Mixed 43% 160     Surface or low 43% 160     Southwest mixed conifer (warm, dry with aspen) Replacement 7% 300     Mixed 13% 150 80 200 Surface or low 80% 25 2 70 Southwest mixed conifer (cool, moist with aspen) Replacement 29% 200 80 200 Mixed 35% 165 35   Surface or low 36% 160 10   Aspen with spruce-fir Replacement 38% 75 40 90 Mixed 38% 75 40   Surface or low 23% 125 30 250 Lodgepole pine (Central Rocky Mountains, infrequent fire) Replacement 82% 300 250 500 Surface or low 18% >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 Spruce-fir Replacement 96% 210 150   Mixed 4% >1,000 35 >1,000 Great Basin

• Great Basin Grassland
• Great Basin Shrubland
• Great Basin Woodland
• Great Basin Forested

Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean interval
(years) Minimum interval
(years) Maximum interval
(years) Great Basin Grassland Great Basin grassland Replacement 33% 75 40 110 Mixed 67% 37 20 54 Mountain meadow (mesic to dry) Replacement 66% 31 15 45 Mixed 34% 59 30 90 Great Basin Shrubland Mountain big sagebrush Replacement 100% 48 15 100 Mountain big sagebrush with conifers Replacement 100% 49 15 100 Mountain sagebrush (cool sage) Replacement 75% 100     Mixed 25% 300     Montane chaparral Replacement 37% 93     Mixed 63% 54     Gambel oak Replacement 75% 50     Mixed 25% 150     Mountain shrubland with trees Replacement 22% 105 100 200 Mixed 78% 29 25 100 Black and low sagebrushes Replacement 33% 243 100   Mixed 67% 119 75 140 Black and low sagebrushes with trees Replacement 37% 227 150 290 Mixed 63% 136 50 190 Great Basin Woodland Juniper and pinyon-juniper steppe woodland Replacement 20% 333 100 >1,000 Mixed 31% 217 100 >1,000 Surface or low 49% 135 100   Ponderosa pine Replacement 5% 200     Mixed 17% 60     Surface or low 78% 13     Great Basin Forested Ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir Replacement 10% 250   >1,000 Mixed 51% 50 50 130 Surface or low 39% 65 15   Great Basin Douglas-fir (dry) Replacement 12% 90   600 Mixed 14% 76 45   Surface or low 75% 14 10 50 Aspen with conifer (low to midelevation) Replacement 53% 61 20   Mixed 24% 137 10   Surface or low 23% 143 10   Douglas-fir (warm mesic interior) Replacement 28% 170 80 400 Mixed 72% 65 50 250 Aspen with conifer (high elevation) Replacement 47% 76 40   Mixed 18% 196 10   Surface or low 35% 100 10   Spruce-fir-pine (subalpine) Replacement 98% 217 75 300 Mixed 2% >1,000     Aspen with spruce-fir Replacement 38% 75 40 90 Mixed 38% 75 40   Surface or low 23% 125 30 250 Northern Rockies

• Northern Rockies Shrubland
• Northern Rockies Forested

Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean interval
(years) Minimum interval
(years) Maximum interval
(years) Northern Rockies Shrubland Low sagebrush shrubland Replacement 100% 125 60 150 Mountain big sagebrush steppe and shrubland Replacement 100% 70 30 200 Northern Rockies Forested Ponderosa pine (Northern Great Plains) Replacement 5% 300     Mixed 20% 75     Surface or low 75% 20 10 40 Ponderosa pine (Northern and Central Rockies) Replacement 4% 300 100 >1,000 Mixed 19% 60 50 200 Surface or low 77% 15 3 30 Ponderosa pine (Black Hills, low elevation) Replacement 7% 300 200 400 Mixed 21% 100 50 400 Surface or low 71% 30 5 50 Ponderosa pine (Black Hills, high elevation) Replacement 12% 300     Mixed 18% 200     Surface or low 71% 50     Ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir Replacement 10% 250   >1,000 Mixed 51% 50 50 130 Surface or low 39% 65 15   Douglas-fir (xeric interior) Replacement 12% 165 100 300 Mixed 19% 100 30 100 Surface or low 69% 28 15 40 Douglas-fir (warm mesic interior) Replacement 28% 170 80 400 Mixed 72% 65 50 250 Douglas-fir (cold) Replacement 31% 145 75 250 Mixed 69% 65 35 150 Grand fir-Douglas-fir-western larch mix Replacement 29% 150 100 200 Mixed 71% 60 3 75 Western larch-lodgepole pine-Douglas-fir Replacement 33% 200 50 250 Mixed 67% 100 20 140 Grand fir-lodgepole pine-larch-Douglas-fir Replacement 31% 220 50 250 Mixed 69% 100 35 150 Whitebark pine-lodgepole pine (upper subalpine, Northern and Central Rockies) Replacement 38% 360     Mixed 62% 225     Lower subalpine lodgepole pine Replacement 73% 170 50 200 Mixed 27% 450 40 500 Lower subalpine (Wyoming and Central Rockies) Replacement 100% 175 30 300 Upper subalpine spruce-fir (Central Rockies) Replacement 100% 300 100 600 *Fire Severities:
Replacement=Any fire that causes greater than 75% top removal of a vegetation-fuel type, resulting in general replacement of existing vegetation; may or may not cause a lethal effect on the plants.
Mixed=Any fire burning more than 5% of an area that does not qualify as a replacement, surface, or low-severity fire; includes mosaic and other fires that are intermediate in effects
Surface or low=Any fire that causes less than 25% upper layer replacement and/or removal in a vegetation-fuel class but burns 5% or more of the area. [21,37].

More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, forbs, frequency, shrub, stem exclusion stage

Sticky cinquefoil is an early-seral, shade-intolerant species [33,65,66] that establishes and/or increases following fire, logging, and grazing [7,8,19,44,77]. Sticky cinquefoil is not a common component of mature forest vegetation [33]. However, it can persist on old fields for several decades after abandonment [26].

Sticky cinquefoil was prominent the 1st and 2nd year following logging on ponderosa pine-pinegrass-elk sedge (Pinus ponderosa-Calamagrostis rubescens-Carex geyeri) sites in eastern Oregon. It was not abundant prior to logging [19]. Sticky cinquefoil increased in the first 5 years after clearcutting in a northern Sierra Nevada stand dominated by Pacific ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa) on the Challenge Experimental Forest. It was not stated whether it was present in the stand before logging [44]:

Sticky cinquefoil abundance after clearcutting in a forest dominated by Pacific ponderosa pine [44] Years after clearcutting 1 5 Frequency (%) 5 13 Cover (ft²/acre) <1.0 83

Sticky cinquefoil occurred in Douglas-fir/ninebark communities in northern Idaho that had a history of disturbance since 1900, including various combinations of burning, logging, and grazing. The greatest cover and frequency (0.6 and 3.7%, respectively) occurred in areas that were both logged and grazed. Sticky cinquefoil was not reported on sites with no record of disturbance since 1900 [7,8]. In a northwestern Montana subalpine fir/queencup beadlily (Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora) habitat type, sticky cinquefoil occurred with an average of 0.5% cover and 6% frequency on "old burns" (35-70 years old) and an average of 0.5% cover and 39% frequency on clearcut sites (15-35 years old) where slash was mechanically piled and burned. It was not observed on clearcut sites where slash was broadcast burned or not treated, and it was not found on undisturbed sites [77].

Sticky cinquefoil was most strongly associated with untreated stands in the stem exclusion stage of development in northeastern Oregon ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests. Sticky cinquefoil frequency was 55% in the stem exclusion stage. Sticky cinquefoil also occurred in stands that were thinned, burned, or thinned and then burned. Six years after thinning and four years after burning, sticky cinquefoil frequency was 26% to 33% on treated sites [76].

Sticky cinquefoil was present in initial communities and continued to increase for at least 62 years after farm lands were abandoned near Woodland Park, Colorado. Frequency was 40%, 55%, and 81% after 5, 10, and 62 years of abandonment, respectively. All sites were dominated by forbs and grasses with a small shrub component [26].

More info for the terms: caudex, fresh

Sticky cinquefoil regenerates from seed [9,33,34,66] and by sprouting from the caudex. Some subspecies may regenerate from rhizomes [12,20,23,35,41].

Pollination: Sticky cinquefoil is animal pollinated [52].

Breeding system: No information is available on this topic.

Seed production: Sticky cinquefoil produces "numerous seeds" [74], but studies quantifying seed production are lacking.

Seed dispersal: Sticky cinquefoil has no long-distance dispersal method. Most seeds fall directly beneath the parent plant [33].

Seed banking: Sticky cinquefoil stores seed in the soil [9,33,34,66]. The length of time soil-stored seed remains viable is unknown, but Kramer [33] states that the ability to survive for "long periods" as buried seed is critical for early-seral, non-rhizomatous species such as sticky cinquefoil.

Sticky cinquefoil seed was common in soil samples taken from Douglas-fir/ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus), grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple (Abies grandis/Acer glabrum), and grand fir/thinleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) habitat types in west-central Idaho. The highest concentration of viable seeds was found in the top 2 inches (5 cm) of soil, but viable seeds were also recovered from the 2- to 4-inch (5-10 cm) depth [33,34]. Sticky cinquefoil germinated from the 0- to 0.8-inch (0-2 cm) layer of a soil sample taken from a mixed conifer stand in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. It was not present in the aboveground vegetation [69].

Sticky cinquefoil seeds germinated from burned and unburned soil samples collected from different community types within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem [9]. See Discussion and Qualification of Fire Effect for further information.

Germination: Sticky cinquefoil seeds are stimulated to germinate by warm temperatures, and germination may be enhanced by a stratification period [4,17,49,64,66]. Sticky cinquefoil germinates on bare soil in full sun and often germinates profusely following scarification resulting from either mechanical treatments or heavy livestock use [64,66]. In a greenhouse, fresh, untreated sticky cinquefoil seeds germinated 9 days after being sown [49].

Germination of sticky cinquefoil seeds was enhanced by 1 month of stratification at 4 °C under wet conditions. Germination tests were conducted on sticky cinquefoil seeds collected in early August in southeastern Montana. Stratification promoted germination of seeds 6 to 12 months old. A 1-month stratification was sufficient, and no improvement resulted from a longer stratification period. Germination improved with seed age for unstratified samples [17]:

Germination of sticky cinquefoil seeds with different length of storage, stratification, temperature, and light treatments [17] Storage conditions Seed age (months) Stratification Temperature (°C) Light (hours) Percent germination Days to 50% germination 20 °C dry 8 1 month/4 °C wet 20/5* 14 92 4 20 °C dry 6 1 month/4 °C wet 20 14 89 4 20 °C dry 12 1 month/4 °C wet 30/20 14 86 2 20 °C dry 12 none 20/5 14 49 16 20 °C dry 3 none 20 none 8 24 *Cooler temperatures are during the dark period

Sticky cinquefoil seeds collected from subalpine rangelands in Utah and Montana and scarified with sulfuric acid exhibited 73% germination under alternating temperatures of 63/54 °F (17/12 °C). Germination rate increased to 87% under alternating temperatures of 90/72 °F (32/22 °C) [45].

Seedling establishment/growth: No information is available on this topic.

Vegetative regeneration: Some subspecies of sticky cinquefoil have rhizomes [12,20,23,35,41]. However, no descriptions of vegetative regeneration in sticky cinquefoil were found in available literature.

More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte

RAUNKIAER [57] LIFE FORM:
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte

More info for the term: forb

Forb

As of this writing (2008) there is no published information specific to the use of fire to manage sticky cinquefoil. The above studies suggest that sticky cinquefoil would persist after most fires. Further research may be warranted if conservation of sticky cinquefoil is of concern.

More info on this topic.

Flowering dates for sticky cinquefoil State or Region Subspecies, if given Anthesis period California ... April to June [24] P. g. subsp. ewanii June to July [70] Idaho ... May to July [53] New Mexico ... May to July [41] Blue Mountains Ecoregion ... May to July [1] Great Plains P. g. subsp. glabrata June to August [20] Pacific Northwest ... May to July [23] Baja California P. g. subsp. glandulosa May to July P. g. subsp. reflexa April to June [75]

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

Information on state-level protected status of sticky cinquefoil in the United States and Canada is available at Nature Serve.

Sticky cinquefoil is considered a weed species in ponderosa pine ranges used for
cattle grazing in Colorado [11].